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Biology 1108 > Unit 3 - Photosynthesis 1, 2 & 3 > Flashcards

Unit 3 - Photosynthesis 1, 2 & 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

In what processes, do we lose energy to heat?

A

-digestion & absorption
-cellilar respiration
-cellular work
-biosynthesis

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2
Q

How do we replenish all the energy we lose as heat?

A

photosynthesis

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3
Q

How does photosynthesis counteract losing energy as heat?

A

it reestablishes and replenishes the lowest energy level / base of sunlight

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4
Q

process: creates Glucose (chemical energy) using CO2 and the energy from the sun (solar energy)

A

photosynthesis

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5
Q

process: converts glucose (chemical energy) to ATP (chemical energy)

A

respiration

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6
Q

equation for photosynthesis

A

CO2 + H2O + light –> O2 + glucose

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7
Q

equation for cellular respiration

A

O2 + glucose –> CO2 + H2O + ATP

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8
Q

Why is cellular respiration such an important process?

A

all living things use cellular respiration (including plants) to break down sugar and use the associated energy to grow, develop, and live (ex: maintain homeostasis)

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9
Q

Is the energy coming into photosynthesis and out of respiration the same?

A

no

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10
Q

What is energy possessed by an object because of its relative position or charge called?

A

potential energy

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11
Q

Energy that is higher up off the surface of Earth has _____ potential energy than objects lower to the ground.

A

more

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12
Q

Diffusion causes things to flow from _____ to ____ concentration (ex of potential energy).

A

high; low

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13
Q

How is electromagnetic energy (charge) a form of potential energy?

A

if there is a buildup of charge on one side, those atoms will rearrange themselves to equalize concentrations

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14
Q

_____ energy stored in a gradient can be converted to _______ energy when a gate is opened.

A

potential; kinetic

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15
Q

What affects the energy content of electrons?

A

relative position of electrons to the nuclei

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16
Q

Potential energy of an atom = distance of an _____ from its nucleus

A

electron

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17
Q

Which type of electrons are more stable:
-electrons closer to the nucleus
-electrons further from nucleus

A

closer to nucleus

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18
Q

Why are electrons that are closer to the nucleus more stable?

A

electron is at a lower energy state/orbital

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19
Q

Stable = _____ potential energy

A

low

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20
Q

Why are electrons that are further away from the nucleus less stable?

A

electron is at a higher energy state/orbital (excited state)

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21
Q

Excited = ______ potential energy

A

high

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22
Q

What is a way for electrons to jump energy levels?

A

absorption of a photon

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23
Q

What is the main importance of electrons being able to jump energy levels in an atom? WHY EVERYTHING ON EARTH EXISTS

A

once an electron encounters a photon it will jump to a higher energy level & then plants will find a way to harness this higher potential energy state

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24
Q

What is the main reason everything on earth exists?

A

ability of light to transfer energy into atoms by exciting electrons

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25
Q

What are the main steps to go from CO2 to the building blocks of life?

A

CO2–> Glucose–> Cellulose–> plants–> cows–> humans

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26
Q

How do we go from CO2 to the building blocks of life?

A

photosynthesis

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27
Q

How energy moves through systems is equivalent to how _____ moves through systems.

A

Carbon

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28
Q

______________:
-carbon and hydrogen (organic C)
-Cellulose, Glucose (C6H12O6)
-sugars usually end in -ose

A

carbohydrates (sugars)

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29
Q

The organic form of Carbon must contain which two atoms?

A

C & H

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30
Q

What are two important things to know about Carbon?

A

C needs 4 bonds & it almost never has a charge

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31
Q

Overall, what is the potential energy level of a C–O bond like?

A

low potential energy

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32
Q

Why does a covalent C–O bond have such low potential energy?

A

O is very electronegative and therefore holds electrons close to its nucleus (closer to nucleus = more stable = lower PE)

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33
Q

Overall, what is the potential energy level of a C–C bond like?

A

medium potential energy

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34
Q

Why does a covalent C–C bond have medium potential energy?

A

electrons are equidistant from both nuclei so C atoms have no partial charges and medium potential energy

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35
Q

Overall, what is the potential energy level of a C–H bond like?

A

high potential energy

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36
Q

Why does a covalent C–H bond have high potential energy?

A

H is electropositive and doesn’t hold onto its electrons very well so electrons are furthest from the nucleus (further from nucleus = unstable = high PE)

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37
Q

Rank the potential energy of the following from highest –> lowest:
C–H, C–O, C–C

A

C–H > C–C > C–O

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38
Q

What does OIL RIG stand for?

A

-oxidation is losing (energy)
-reduction is gaining (energy)

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39
Q

If you replace a C–H bond with a C–O bond, then C is being _____.

A

oxidized

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40
Q

What are 3 ways to oxidize a C?

A

-losing hydrogen
-losing electrons
-adding Oxygen

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41
Q

What are 3 ways to reduce a C?

A

-adding Hydrogen
-adding electrons
-losing Oxygen

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42
Q

Does a reduced or oxidized atom have more potential energy?

A

reduced

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43
Q

More _____ - more potential energy / has more Hydrogens / adds electrons / loses Oxygen.

A

reduced

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44
Q

More _____ - has less potential energy / has fewer Hydrogens / loses electrons / adds Oxygen.

A

oxidized

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45
Q

In redox paired reactions is compound A is oxidized by ____ electrons then compound B is _____ by _____ electrons.

A

losing; reduced; gaining

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46
Q

If compound A is originally a reduced compound but undergoes a rxn with compound B where it loses its electrons to compound B, then compound B would be called the ______ agent.

A

oxidizing (stealing energy)

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47
Q

If compound B is originally a oxidized compound but undergoes a rxn with compound A where it gains its electrons from compound A, then compound A would be called the ______ agent.

A

reducing (donating energy)

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48
Q

Oxidizing agent _____ energy and reducing agent _____ energy.

A

steals; donates

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49
Q

In the photosynthesis equation, is the C in CO2 being oxidized or reduced when converted to glucose C6H12O6?

A

reduced

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50
Q

How is C in CO2 reduced when converted into C6H12O6?

A

CO2 molecules only has low energy C-O bonds but Glucose has many C-H & higher energy bonds

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51
Q

Does photosynthesis take place more often on the upper or underside of a leaf?

A

upper surface

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52
Q

Why does photosynthesis take place on the UPPER side of a leaf?

A

palisade cells (mesophyll) are clustered along the upper surface

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53
Q

What are cell walls made of?

A

cellulose

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54
Q

What fills up the empty space in palisade cells to help with photosynthesis?

A

water

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55
Q

What is unique about the vacuole in a plant cell?

A

there is one, large central vacuole taking up 90% of cell volume

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56
Q

Unique characteristics of a plant cell?

A

-has a cell wall
-have chloroplasts that make their own food
-very large vacuole compared to animal cells

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57
Q

In what cell structure does photosynthesis take place in plant cells?

A

chloroplasts

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58
Q

What is the major difference between a prokaryote and eukaryote?

A

prokaryote: no membrane-bound nucleus or organelles

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59
Q

Shortly describe the origin stories of chloroplasts:

A

-chloroplasts used to be free-living cyanobacteria (blue/green algae)
-until a host cell swallowed and surrounded this cyanobacteria and trapped it in a vacuole

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60
Q

What is the mutualistic relationship between the host cell and cyanobacteria in endosymbiosis?

A

host cell: get sugar
cyanobacteria: is provided with protection and everything it needs to survive

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61
Q

Chloroplast is ______ DNA.

A

circular

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62
Q

What is unique about chloroplasts’ membrane?

A

it is double-layered

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63
Q

How do chloroplasts reproduce?

A

via binary fission and they divide independently of the parent cell

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64
Q

What do small ribosomes in a chloroplasts do?

A

make proteins

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65
Q

Photosynthetic bacteria converged with an ancestral ________ cell to produce photosynthetic protists such as algae.

A

eukaryotic

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66
Q

A geranium in a chloroplast is a stack of ______.

A

thylakoids

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67
Q

What is the space inside a thylakoid called?

A

lumen

68
Q

Where do the light dependent reactions of photosynthesis occur?

A

thylakoids

69
Q

Where do the light independent reactions of photosynthesis occur?

A

stroma

70
Q

What are light absorbing pigments organized into in the thylakoid membrane?

A

photosystems

71
Q

The lumen is separated from the stroma of a chloroplasts by what structure?

A

thylakoid membrane

72
Q

Where are photosystems located in the chloroplasts?

A

on the thylakoid membrane

73
Q

Where are light absorbing pigments, such as chlorophyll, located in the chloroplast?

A

in the photosystems

74
Q

______: molecules that absorb visible wavelengths of light

A

pigments

75
Q

What is the most abundant pigment on the planet?

A

chlorophyll

76
Q

Why does chlorophyll appear green?

A

because it absorbs purple, blue & red, orange colors; therefore, it reflects the green/yellow wavelengths

77
Q

What color of light does chlorophyll not absorb?

A

green

78
Q

The C’s in glucose are more ______ than the C’s in CO2.

A

reduced

79
Q

With chlorophyll and water, which is oxidized and which is reduced?

A

water: oxidized
chlorophyll: reduced

80
Q

The light reactions create a gradient of H+ ions where there is a high concentration in the ______ of the chloroplast and a low concentration in the _______.

A

lumen; stroma

81
Q

What are the reactants of photosynthesis?

A

CO2, light, water

82
Q

What are the products of photosynthesis?

A

glucose and O2

83
Q

____ reactions:
-convert light energy into chemical energy
-take place in thylakoid

A

light

84
Q

______ reactions:
-convert CO2 and chemical energy into sugar
-take place in stroma

A

Calvin cycle (light independent reactions)

85
Q

What are the 2 parts of photosynthesis?

A

(1) light reactions
(2) Calvin cycle

86
Q

NADP+ is _____ at the end of photosystem I.

A

reduced

87
Q

What are the reactants of the light reactions taking place in the lumen?

A

-water
-light
-NADP+
-ADP

88
Q

What are the products of light reactions taking place in the lumen?

A

-O2
-NADPH
-ATP

89
Q

What are the reactants of the Calvin cycle taking place in the stroma?

A

-ATP
-NADPH
-CO2

90
Q

What are the products of the Calvin cycle taking place in the stroma?

A

-glucose
-NADP+
-ADP

91
Q

Light reactions span the ______ membrane (transmembrane proteins).

A

thylakoid

92
Q

What are the 4 major components of light reactions?

A

(1) Photosystem II
(2) ETC
(3) Photosystem I
(4) ATP Synthase

93
Q

What happens in photosystem II?

A

-light is focused onto central chlorophyll
-photons excite its outer electron
-this increases the potential energy of the chlorophyll
-electron gets removed by the ETC and now chlorophyll is missing an electron and has a positive charge

94
Q

After photosystem II, chlorophyll is looking to replace the electron it lost to the ETC and where does it find this?

A

water

95
Q

What happens to water when chlorophyll takes its electron?

A

H20 splits into 1/2O2, 2H+, and 2e-

96
Q

Where does the O2 go after H2O splits? The H+?

A

O2–> escapes into atmosphere
H+–> sticks around in lumen

97
Q

In the reaction between chlorophyll and water, which is reduced and which is oxidized?

A

chlorophyll: reduced (oxidizing agent)
water: oxidized (reducing agent)

98
Q

_______: when a molecule loses an H or an electrons or subs a high energy bond for something with less potential energy

A

oxidation

99
Q

______: when a molecule gains an electron, or an H or replaces a low energy bond with one with more potential energy

A

reduction

100
Q

Losing or gaining an H usually comes with an _____ as well.

A

electron

101
Q

Chlorophyll+ is reduced by _____ into a form of chlorophyll that is ready for light.

A

reduced

102
Q

For the light-dependent component of photosynthesis, what are the reactants?

A

H2O & light

103
Q

After chlorophyll is reduced by water, its ready for what?

A

the next photon to excite it again

104
Q

What happens to the electron in the ETC?

A

gradually loses energy as it moves through ETC

105
Q

What is the energy lost by the electron in the ETC used for? What does this ultimately create?

A

used to pump H+ protons from the stroma into the lumen, creating an H+ GRADIENT

106
Q

What is the main function of the ETC?

A

to move H+ ions from the stroma into the lumen

107
Q

Where does chlorophyll+ get its electron from in Photosystem I?

A

ETC

108
Q

What happens in photosystem I?

A

-light re-exites the electron
-electron is given to NADP reductase where NADP+ will form NADPH

109
Q

NADP reductase converts _____ to _______.

A

NADP+; NADPH

110
Q

What is NADP+ reduced to in photosystem I?

A

NADPH

111
Q

What does the last part of the light reactions involve?

A

ATP generation through ATP Synthase enzyme, which uses the H+ gradient we just established to make ATP

112
Q

What is the lost energy from the electron traveling through the ETC used for?

A

to pump Hydrogen ions from stroma into the interior of thylakoid – lumen

113
Q

In PS I, when electron gets excited, its removed from chlorophyll and added to _____ which will find a loose ____ and form NADPH.

A

NADP+; H+

114
Q

When hit by light, electron moves from ____ state to ______ state.

A

ground; excited

115
Q

What converts NADP+ to NADPH?

A

NADP reductase

116
Q

_____ transport does NOT require energy.

A

passive

117
Q

____ transport: molecules can only move WITH their concentration gradient (high to low).

A

passive

118
Q

_____ transport requires energy.

A

active

119
Q

____ transport: moves molecules AGAINST their concentration gradient (low to high)

A

active

120
Q

What kind of transport happens in the ETC with the movement of H+ ions from the stroma into the lumen?

A

active transport

121
Q

Throughout previous steps H+ ions have been building up inside the thylakoid membrane (lumen), what 2 places do these come from?

A

(1) ETC
(2) splitting of H2O

122
Q

What enzyme (protein) spans the thylakoid membrane & is a transmembrane protein?

A

ATP synthase

123
Q

What flows through ATP synthase?

A

H+ ions

124
Q

ATP synthase is like a channel that connects the ______ to the ______.

A

lumen; stroma

125
Q

Is ATP needed for ATP synthase?

A

no; passive transport doesn’t require energy

126
Q

What type of transport does ATP synthase undergo?

A

passive transport - flow from high to low [H+] concentration

127
Q

ATP synthase takes _____ energy and converts it into _____ energy.

A

kinetic; chemical

128
Q

ATP synthase converts ______ to ____ for use in the Calvin cycle.

A

ADP (low energy); ATP (high energy)

129
Q

What happens to adenosine diphosphate (ADP) as a phosphate group is added?

A

it is turned into adenosine triphosphate (ATP); ADP is reduced/gains energy

130
Q

What happens to ADP as it is converted to ATP?

A

reduction (gains energy)

131
Q

What products of the light reactions are sent to the Calvin cycle?

A

ATP / NADPH

132
Q

What products of the Calvin cycle are sent to the Light reactions?

A

NADP+ / ADP

133
Q

Calvin cycle (light independent runs) use ______ energy to convert _____ into sugar.

A

chemical; CO2

134
Q

What reduces CO2 to Glucose?

A

energy from ATP and NADPH (short term storage of chemical energy)

135
Q

Does glucose store chemical for short or long-term?

A

long term

136
Q

What are the 3 parts of the Calvin cycle?

A

(1) Fixation
(2) Reduction
(3) Regeneration

137
Q

What enzyme fixes CO2 into organic C?

A

RuBisCo

138
Q

What happens in the fixation step of Calvin cycle?

A

inorganic CO2 is fixated into organic C using RuBisCo enzyme

139
Q

What happens in the reduction step of CC?

A

more reduction (adding energy) to 3C molecules

140
Q

What happens in regeneration step of CC?

A

expulsion of 1/2 of glucose and return to original form 5C

141
Q

Fixation starts with ___C (RuBP) and is combined with ___C from a CO2 molecule.

A

5; 1

142
Q

What brings the 5C RuBP together with 1 CO2 molecule in the CC?

A

Rubisco

143
Q

What is the result of 5C RuBP combining with 1C CO2?

A

6C broken up into 2, 3C sugars called PGA

144
Q

Reduction starts with 2, 3C PGAs and reduces them into what?

A

2, 3C G3Ps

145
Q

As we add energy to the 2, 3C PGAs (sugars), what is being oxidized?

A

ATP & NADPH

146
Q

As we add energy to the 2, 3C PGAs (sugars), what is being reduced?

A

ADP and NADP+

147
Q

Every 3 turns, how much of a glucose is produced and exits the CC cycle?

A

1 G3P = 1/2 a glucose

148
Q

What are leftover G3Ps that didn’t go into glucose formation used for?

A

regeneration of RuBP

149
Q

How many turns of the CC is needed to make 1 glucose molecule?

A

6

150
Q

in making 1 glucose:
how many CO2 are needed?

A

6

151
Q

in making 1 glucose:
how many RuBP 5C sugars are needed?

A

6

152
Q

in making 1 glucose:
how many PGAs are needed?

A

12

153
Q

in making 1 glucose:
how many ATP are needed?

A

18

154
Q

in making 1 glucose:
how many ADP are needed?

A

18

155
Q

in making 1 glucose:
how many NADPH are needed?

A

12

156
Q

in making 1 glucose:
how many NADP+ are needed?

A

12

157
Q

What two things power the conversion of one 3C sugar to another (PGA–> G3P)?

A

ATP & NADPH

158
Q

What is the main thing used to make glucose?

A

G3P

159
Q

3CO2 combined with 3RuBP acceptors can make ____ molecules of G3P?

A

6

160
Q

In 3 turns, how many G3P molecules exit the cycle and go toward making 1/2 glucose?

A

1

161
Q

In 3 turns, how many G3P molecules are recycled and regenerate 3 RuBP acceptor molecules?

A

5

162
Q

How many ATP are converted to ADP during the reduction step of the CC? regeneration step?

A

reduction step: 12
regeneration step: 6

163
Q

How many NADPH are converted to NADP+ in the reduction step?

A

12

164
Q

____ ________ reactions convert light energy and H2O into chemical energy

A

light dependent

165
Q

_____ _______ reactions convert CO2 and chemical energy into sugar

A

light independent

166
Q

ATP synthase transports H+ ions from where to where?

A

from lumen into the stroma

Biology 1108 (12 decks)

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