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Biology 1108 > Unit 2 - C4 CAM, Pop Growth > Flashcards

Unit 2 - C4 CAM, Pop Growth Flashcards

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1
Q

In what part of photosynthesis is water used?

A

in the light reactions - photosystem II

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2
Q

What does water break apart into when it is oxidized by chlorophyll?

A

1/2O2, 2H+, 2e-

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3
Q

Where do the products from water splitting go?

A

1/2O2: escapes as O2 through the stomata
2H+: stay in the lumen until they travel through ATP synthase
2e-: 1 electron is taken up by chlorophyll+

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4
Q

Can the Calvin cycle run at night?

A

no because the products of the light reactions ATP and NADPH are used to power the Calvin cycle & the Calvin cycle needs a constant supply of these products

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5
Q

____% of the plants on Earth undergo “normal photosynthesis”

A

90

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6
Q

What is the tradeoff that comes with normal photosynthesis?

A

fast growth = water loss
-bigger leaves, grow fast (high RGR)
-smaller leaves, grows slower (high WUE)

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7
Q

What is another name for normal photosynthesis? Why?

A

C3 photosynthesis; CO2 is fixed into a 3 C sugar initially

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8
Q

What are 2 major problems of photosynthesis?

A

(1) in order to get CO2 for photosynthesis, plants need gas exchange (open stomata –> transpiration)
(2) Rubisco (enzyme that fixes/reduces CO2) can also fix/reduce O2

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9
Q

When Rubisco fix/reduces O2 instead of CO2, what happens instead of the Calvin cycle?

A

photorespiration

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10
Q

What are 2 reasons why photorespiration is bad?

A

(1) wastes/consumes ATP
(2) instead of producing sugar, CO2 is released

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11
Q

Under what conditions does Rubisco bind to O2 instead of CO2 & therefore undergo a lot of photorespiration?

A

(1) when it is hot
(2) when there’s not a lot of CO2 available

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12
Q

When is intercellular CO2 low?

A

when stomata are closed - when its dry & water is scarce; cells are flaccid and seal up the stomata

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13
Q

What specific environmental conditions facilitate photorespiration?

A

hot, dry conditions

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14
Q

What are long term solutions to photorespiration?

A

plants have evolved forms of photosynthesis that avoid the Rubisco-O2 problem–C4 and CAM photosynthesis

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15
Q

What do C4 and CAM do in particular to avoid the Rubisco-O2 problem?

A

instead of converting CO2 into a 3C sugar (PGA), they first fix CO2 into a 4C sugar called MALATE

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16
Q

How does C4 photosynthesis separate C-fixation from the Calvin cycle?

A

spatially

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17
Q

In C4 photosynthesis, Rubisco _____ comes into contact with _____ (no photosrespiration).

A

NEVER; O2

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18
Q

In C4 photosynthesis, what happens in the mesophyll cell?

A

light reactions & CO2 is fixed into 4C malate

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19
Q

In C4 photosynthesis, what happens in the bundle sheath cell?

A

Calvin cycle

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20
Q

What type of cells are cut off from all gas exchange happening at the surface of the leaf and are therefore responsible for Rubisco never coming into contact with O2?

A

bundle sheath cells

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21
Q

What happens in C4 photosynthesis once malate is moved from the mesophyll cell to the bundle sheath cell?

A

malate is then converted back into CO2 to be used as normal in the Calvin cycle

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22
Q

Does C4 photosynthesis limit water loss?

A

not really

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23
Q

Under what conditions is C4 photosynthesis ideal?

A

when its hot, but there is enough water around

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24
Q

Under what conditions is CAM photosynthesis ideal?

A

when its hot and dry

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25
Q

How do CAM plants limit water loss?

A

they only open their stomata at NIGHT

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26
Q

_____ plants:
-aloe, pineapples, orchid, cacti

A

CAM

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27
Q

Why do CAM plants open their stomata only at night?

A

to limit water loss; they only open when its wetter and cooler than normal

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28
Q

Where does CAM photosynthesis take place?

A

ALL in the mesophyll cells

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29
Q

What do CAM plants do with malate?

A

take in CO2 at night & convert it to malate & store it in the vacuole until the sun comes up

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30
Q

Where do CAM plants store malate?

A

in the vacuole

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31
Q

During the day, what happens to the malate stored in the vacuole of CAM plants?

A

its converted back into CO2 for use in the Calvin cycle

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32
Q

In CAM photosynthesis, does Rubisco always have access to adequate CO2 (even if stomata are closed)?

A

yes

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33
Q

Does Rubisco come into contact with O2 at all during CAM photosynthesis?

A

yes

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34
Q

How does CAM photosynthesis divide C-fixation and the Calvin cycle?

A

temporally

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35
Q

Is CAM photosynthesis efficient?

A

not very efficient, slow growth of plants & lots of energy spent

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36
Q

What requires more energy C4, CAM, or C3/normal photosynthesis?

A

C4 & CAM are more energy intensive than C3 photosynthesis

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37
Q

How is temperature related to the prevalence of C4 species?

A

directly/increasing

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38
Q

How do you expect the prevalence of C4 plants to change in the future given climate change?

A

increased survivorship; rainfall is variable but places with more rain will benefit C4 species

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39
Q

Are there more C4 or CAM photosynthesis plants?

A

C4

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40
Q

What organisms are classic r-selected in the Sonoran Desert?

A

scorpion, big-headed ants

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41
Q

What organisms are classic k-selected in the Sonoran Desert?

A

cougar, pronghorn

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42
Q

Parental investment of K-selected organisms?

A

lots / high

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43
Q

Offspring # of k-selected organisms?

A

few

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44
Q

Time to maturity for k-selected organisms?

A

long

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45
Q

Lifespan of k-selected organisms?

A

long

46
Q

Size of k-selected organisms?

A

large

47
Q

Energy cost of k-selected organisms?

A

high / energetically intense offspring

48
Q

K-selected organisms are often viewed as few “_______” offspring.

A

expensive

49
Q

Parental investment of r-selected organisms?

A

little

50
Q

Time to maturity of r-selected organisms?

A

short / early maturity

51
Q

Life expectancy of r-selected organisms?

A

short

52
Q

Size of r-selected organisms?

A

small

53
Q

Energy cost per r-selected offpsring?

A

low

54
Q

R-selected organisms are often viewed as many “_____” offspring.

A

cheap

55
Q

___-selected species have high survivorship.

A

K

56
Q

What is the best example of an organism that has r and k-selected traits?

A

turtle

57
Q

How does a turtle have r and k selected traits?

A

-no parental care of babies (r)
-large offspring pools (r)
-large organisms (k)
-live a long time (k)

58
Q

Describe a type _____ survivorship curve.
-very high survivorship to old age
-babies live almost until their maximum life expectancy and then there is rapid decline

A

type I

59
Q

Describe a type _____ survivorship curve.
-organisms that do not experience age related mortality
-straight, negatively sloped line

A

type II

60
Q

Describe a type _____ survivorship curve.
-sharp decline right at the beginning
-lots of juvenile mortality, BUT if you can make it past a certain age you will usually achieve maximum lifespan

A

type III

61
Q

What survivorship curve best fits k-selected species?

A

type I

62
Q

What are examples of organisms that follow a type I survivorship curve? What do they all have in common?

A

humans, otters, bears, elephants, whales; they are all k-selected organisms

63
Q

What survivorship curve fits neither r nor k selected species?

A

type II

64
Q

What are examples of organisms that follow a type II curve?

A

songbirds, sparrows

65
Q

What are examples of organisms that follow a type III curve? What do they all have in common?

A

oysters, insects, amphibians; they are all r-selected organisms

66
Q

What survivorship curve best fits r-selected species?

A

type III

67
Q

survivorship curve of big horned sheep:
-starts off as type III with rapid mortality of young sheep but after the age of 1 year old, most sheep survive until their maximum life expectancy and the curve follows a type I pattern
WHY IS THIS? POSSIBLE EXPLANATIONS?

A

-when sheep are young (w/out horns) they are really easy prey BUT after they reach a certain size they are able to defend themselves (grown with horns)

68
Q

Do all populations grow at the same rate?

A

no

69
Q

What can be an important factor in the potential rate of increase initially?

A

the # of offspring an organism has (the lower # the slower start; higher numbers lead to more rapid population growth)

70
Q

________: dN/dt - the # of individual added (or lost) to a population in a given time period (year)

A

population growth rate

71
Q

What does dN/dt stand for with regards to population growth rate?

A

change in population / change in time (final N - initial N / final t - initial t)

72
Q

_____: r - the average # of offspring an INDIVIDUAL has over a given time period

A

per capita growth rate

73
Q

How is per capita growth rate different from population growth rate?

A

population growth: # of individuals added overall
per capita growth: # of offspring added PER individual

74
Q

What is the term for “how many offspring an individual has per year”?

A

per capita growth rate

75
Q

How does dN/dt relate to r?

A

dN/dt = r No (intial population)

76
Q

What is the term for “change in population per time”?

A

population growth

77
Q

What is the equation for per capita growth rate?

A

r = population growth rate / No (initial population size)

78
Q

Population growth models
______ growth:
-no limitations on resources
-not sustainable/realistic
-J shaped curve

A

exponential

79
Q

How does population growth rate change over time with an exponential growth curve?

A

constantly increases

80
Q

How does per capita growth rate change over time with an exponential growth curve?

A

it does NOT change; stays constant

81
Q

Population growth models
_____ growth:
-limited resources limit population growth over time
-S-shaped curve

A

logistic growth

82
Q

How are you able to tell population growth rate given a graph?

A

by the slope of the line

83
Q

What does a steeper slope suggest about the population growth rate?

A

a faster pop GR

84
Q

What are two ways to interpret a per capita value of 0.1?

A

(1) 1 in 10 organisms in a population has an offspring every year
(2) Each individual will have an offspring every 10 years

85
Q

What type of growth curve eventually approaches a carrying capacity K?

A

logistic growth curve

86
Q

_______: the maximum size of a population that an ecosystem can sustain

A

carrying capacity (K)

87
Q

How does population growth rate change over time with a logistic growth curve?

A

varies greatly, depends on slope of line
-starts off slow, speeds up, slows down again

88
Q

What would the shape of a graph of population growth rate vs time look like? What does this suggest?

A

upside down U
-start off with a slow growth rate
-in the middle, fastest growth rate
-end with a slow growth rate

89
Q

When is population growth rate the highest for a logistic curve?

A

at the inflection point

90
Q

What equation gives the size of the population where growth rate is the highest?

A

K / 2 –> inflection point

91
Q

What does a negative per capita growth rate suggest?

A

more individuals are dying than are being born (death rate > birth rate)

92
Q

How does per capita growth rate change over time with a logistic growth curve?

A

varies greatly (can be positive or negative; depending on birth and death rates

93
Q

Do the increases in predator & prey populations line up perfectly?

A

no, there is a lagging effect

94
Q

______ feedbacks:
-promote changes that lead back toward equilibrium
-overshoot, undershoot, overshoot

A

negative

95
Q

What is a classic example of a negative feedback loop?

A

predator/prey dynamics

96
Q

Is prey food availability an important factor in determining a predator-prey cycle?

A

yes

97
Q

How would you best describe the climate of the Sonoran Desert?

A

hot & dry

98
Q

Is precipitation variable in the Sonoran desert?

A

yes; inter annual variation (VERY unpredictable)

99
Q

In what season does the Sonoran Desert get most of its rain?

A

winter

100
Q

When is the growing season for plants in the Sonoran Desert and why?

A

winter because its wetter & cooler

101
Q

What is the general trend in temperature over the years in the SD?

A

gradually increasing

102
Q

What is the general trend in precipitation over the years in the SD?

A

decreasing (BUT a lot of variability of how much water in different places)

103
Q

Why is being close to a water source important in terms of temperature?

A

water moderates humidity

104
Q

When the Sonoran desert DOES get rain, what are the events like?

A

more INTENSE

105
Q

Do hotter temperatures benefit high RGR or high WUE species?

A

not really

106
Q

Which species (High RGR or WUE) will be less negatively impacted if overall there is less water around?

A

high WUE

107
Q

Which species (high RGR or WUE) will be less negatively impacted by large, infrequent rain events?

A

high RGR

108
Q

What is the process by which a species becomes BETTER SUITED to its environment & is the result of natural selection acting upon heritable variation over several generations?

A

adaptation

109
Q

What are some ways in which organisms are adapted to their environment?

A

in their structure, physiology & genetics, in their locomotion and dispersal, in their means of defense and attack, in their reproduction and development

110
Q

What are 3 adaptations that plants have used for low Nitrogen levels? *think Pumice Plain

A

(1) N-fixing plants - evolutionary evolved relationship; mutualistic interaction; involves bacteria
(2) parasitic plants - suck out nutrition from another plant; ex: invasive roots that go into another plant
(3) carnivory - plants eat insects; trap & digest them for protein

111
Q

What is the main adaptation of welwischia?

A

dormancy - goes dormant for a long time waiting for it to rain & then comes back to life

Biology 1108 (12 decks)

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