Unit 3 Review Flashcards
Penicillin G
Natural penicillin. Must be injected
Narrow-spectrum, but still useful against most staph and strep
Penicillin V
natural penicillin. Taken orally
Methicillin
Semisynthetic penicillin. First penicillinase resistant antibiotic. Led to MRSA, discontinued
Oxacillin
Semisynthetic penicillin. Penicillinase resistant antibiotic. Replaced methicillin in clinical use
Ampicillin
Broad-spectrum semisynthetic penicillin.
Amoxicillin
Broad-spectrum semisynthetic penicillin
Augmentin
Amoxicillin plus potassium clavulanate (a penicillinase inhibitor)
Primaxin
Related to penicillin but classified as a carbapenem
Given as intramuscular injection
These types of antibiotics are leading to resistance, CRE organisms
Cephalosporins
Similar to penicillin. Bacteria have developed beta-lactamases that destroy cephalosporins
Grouped by generations
Bacitracin
Topical polypeptide antibiotic found in Neosporin/triple antibiotic
Effective against gram positive
Vancomycin
Penicillinase resistant polypeptide antibiotic
narrow spectrum but kills MRSA
led to VRE
Enterococcus faecium a common nosocomial problem in U.S
Isoniazid
Antimycobacterial antibiotic. Inhibits mycolic acid synthesis
Treatment time is 6 months
tuberculosis
Ethambutol
Antimycobacterial antibiotic. Less effective, but used to avoid resistance problems.
Chloramphenicol
Protein synthesis inhibitor
Cheap broad-spectrum
Toxicity concerns, so only used if there are no suitable alternatives
Streptomycin
Protein synthesis inhibitors
Broad-spectrum aminoglycoside
high resistance`
Neomycin
Protein synthesis inhibitor
Broad-spectrum aminoglycoside
Topical agent found in Neosporin/triple antibiotic
Gentamicin
Protein synthesis inhibitor
Broad-spectrum aminoglycoside
Useful against pseudomonas infections. Used with Cystic Fibrosis patients for this reason
Tetracycline
Protein synthesis inhibitor
Broad-spectrum. Also effective against intracellular pathogens like chlamydia and rickettsia’s
can lead to superinfection
Erythromycin
Protein synthesis inhibitor
Macrolide antibiotic
Narrow-spectrum (gram +)
Polymixin B
Topical antibiotic found in Neosporin/triple antibiotic
Effective against gram-negative, including Pseudomonas
causes injury to the plasma membrane: Rare since it is difficult to find a way to make them selectively toxic
Rifampin
Inhibitors of nucleic acid synthesis: Rare
Very important in the treatment of Tuberculosis
Nalidixic acid
inhibitors of nucleic acid synthesis: Rare since it is difficult to find a way to make them selectively toxic
Synthetic quinolone useful ONLY in the treatment of urinary tract infections
Ciprofloxacin (Cipro)
inhibitors of nucleic acid synthesis: rare
broad spectrum
kills gram +
not as toxic
Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole
Broad-spectrum
bacteriostatic
inhibit the conversion of PABA into folic acid, which blocks the
production of DNA and RNA
The 2 drugs act synergistically
slows down drug resistance
sulfa drugs can also be used on …
burns
What is the most common source of antibiotics found in nature?
streptomycin in soil
What does broad spectrum mean versus narrow spectrum? Why should narrow spectrum antibiotics be used whenever possible?
broad spectrum: you can kill/inhibit multiple types of microbes
narrow spectrum: you can kill one or the other (gram + OR gram - bacteria)
narrow spectrum should be used because theres less damage
What is a superinfection?
secondary infection you get after using antibiotics
ex: yeast infections or C.diff
Why is it harder to develop antimicrobial drugs against
eukaryotes like protozoa?
because we are eukaryotes and we are similar, narrow spectrum drugs usually
Which type of penicillin must be injected? Why?
penicillin G because it’s not stable in stomach acid
Why is Methicillin no longer in use in America?
evolution, used too much to the point where it doesn’t work anymore
What is the difference between Amoxicillin and Augmentin?
both semi-synthetic penicillin
amoxicillin: with a penicillinase inhibitor called potassium clavulanate
augmentin: stronger, inhibitor, top of the line penicillin
Know the 3 antibiotics in topical triple antibiotic preparations.
polymyxin B (inhibits gram - bacteria)
bacitracin (kills gram +)
neomycin (broad spectrum)
What is the primary role in the drug Ethambutol in the treatment of TB?
usually paired with isoniazid (stronger)
we use ethambutol because combining the two slows evolution/resistance
What process do sulfa drugs block in bacteria? Why doesn’t it cause a problem in humans?
sulfa drugs inhibit production of folic acid
doesn’t effect us because we have to eat folic acid
Do antiviral drugs kill viruses?
no, it slows viral replication
What are some of the things that we do that speed up antimicrobial resistance?
misuse
overuse
abuse
Why are drug combinations often better than using one class of antibiotic?
slow resistance
make them work better
What is the difference between variolation and vaccination?
Variolation: intentional infection with small amounts of small pox
vaccination: induces immunity without infecting you
What was the 1st disease eradicated? Why? Who is next?
smallpox in 1979
a worldwide effort caused the eradication
polio is next
Why are conjugated vaccines used? Who do they help?
they add proteins bc it increases immune response in children
What kind of vaccine is most effective? What needs boosters? Who benefits from conjugated vaccines?
attenuated vaccine
toxoids need boosters
children benefit from conjugated vaccines
Why are viral vaccines more important than bacterial
vaccines?
because it’s easier to kill off bacteria than viruses
Where are many viral vaccines (including influenza virus)
grown?
in chick embryos
they need cells to have a metabolism
What does the future of vaccines look like? Will we use vaccines for things that aren’t even infectious?
not needing needles, not having to be refrigerated
we will use vaccines for things that aren’t infectious (alzheimer’s vaccine)
Know the difference between sensitivity and specificity
sensitivity: no false negatives
specificity: no false positives
Why are monoclonal antibodies beneficial? What are some examples that we talked about in class?
they’re beneficial because you only need 1 antibody to clone
examples: humera (drugs that block conditions for autoimmune conditions), and pregnancy tests
What is a hybridoma?
part cancerous b cell and part antibody producing b cell
What have myeloma cells forgotten how to do?
die
What are the 4 types of hypersensitivity reactions?
type 1: igE immune reactions to allergens
type 2: igG or igM cytotoxic hypersensitivity
type 3: immune complex
type 4: delayed cell mediated hypersensitivity reaction
Type I hypersensitivity reactions involve which immunoglobulin?
igE
What do mast cells and basophils release?
they release histamine
What is the difference between systemic and localized
anaphylaxis?
systemic anaphylaxis: life-threatening, vasodilation
localized anaphylaxis: eyes getting itchy, swollen, not dangerous
How do desensitizing injections work? What immunoglobulin is in them?
expose tiny amounts of antigen that leads to an igG response that stop the igE response if coming into contact with allergen
The primary chemical mediator of Type I reactions is________?
igE antibodies
mast and basophils releasing histamine
What is the medication given to some women to avoid
hemolytic disease of the newborn? How do they
determine who needs the injections?
RhoGAM
any mom with a negative blood type is given this injection
What is the primary cause of autoimmune diseases? A
lack of ______________
tolerance
Know the key features about AIDS that we highlighted, including why it is called a retrovirus, the stats about HIV infections and deaths, vaccine difficulties, etc
retrovirus: RNA virus that uses enzyme reverse transcriptase to become DNA
the stats: globally 1 million infections a year, in us 40k infections a year
vaccine: body has hard time with retrovirus
When was AIDS discovered? Has it been around longer than that?
1981 was discovered
1983 when they discovered it was AIDS
but it came in 1908 from animal meat
Know the receptor that the HIV virus is looking for, as well as the most common coreceptor
receptor is cd4
coreceptor is ccr5
What is reverse transcriptase?
enzyme that reverses transcription
What are the phases of HIV infection?
phase 1: no symptoms
phase 2: sick more often
phase 3: when HIV becomes AIDS
When does HIV infection become AIDS?
stage 3 when cd4 t cell count is at 200
Why are some people “immune” to AIDS?
1-3% of ppl are ccr5 mutants, which is the HIV virus’ coreceptor
What are the drugs that slow the progression of HIV trying
to accomplish? Why do we use a cocktail of multiple drugs?
they are trying to slow down the virus
this cocktail of drugs is more effective
Define eutrophication? What is the rate-limiting nutrient associated with eutrophication?
eutrophication: overgrowth of microorganisms because you fed them nutrients
phosphorus is the rate-limiting nutrient
The use of microbes to detoxify or degrade pollutants is
called ___________?
bioremediation
microbes for oil spills
When determining if water is safe the most important things to look for would be caused by contamination with
____________
When determining if water is safe the most important things to look for would be caused by contamination with
____________
Understand the basics of the water treatment process? What are the major steps?
series of filtrations
water supply gets screened –> water in mixing tank –> flocculation basin –> actual filter –> disinfection (with chlorine) –> store then drink
What kind of treatment is needed before sewage water is drinkable?
tertiary treatment
Is commercial sterilization a sterilizing tool?
Is commercial sterilization
What are the major steps in commercial sterilization?
sterilize container, soften foods before food in can, use heat to kill microbes, then seal can
What microbe is commercial sterilization aimed at killing?
all clostridium botulinum
uses 12D treatment
What does 12D treatment mean?
12 decimal
treatment effective enough that it can kill 12 decimals full of microbes
What is a term that can be used on labels when talking about irradiated food?
electronic pasteurization
What would be an advantage of using high pressure to
“disinfect” food?
preserves color and flavour in a way that heat can’t
What is rennin? How does it pertain to cheese production
rennin - enzyme that curds milk, needed to make cheese
attenuated whole-agent
weaked, still alive
not pathogenic
most effective
immunocompromised can’t take it
inactivated whole-agent
killed organism, less effective
series of doses
safer
toxoid
vaccines against toxins
needs a BOOSTER (every 10 years)
subunit
exposed to part of an organism
covid vaccines
conjugated vaccines
children take these because they have protein added to them
how are monoclonal antibodies produced
take antibody and expose it to mouse –> get antigen from mouse, get spleen cells from mouse and mix them with myeloma cells –> hybrid oma (part cancer part antibody producing) –> immortal antibodies
Know the basic of blood typing immunology, including the
4 ABO blood types and the antigens and antibodies of each blood type
ABO blood type is determined by the antigens you have on the surface of your RBC
A: a antigens & anti-b antibodies
B: b antigens & anti-a antibodies
AB: both & neither antibody –> UNIVERSAL RECIPIENT (AB+)
O: neither & both antibodies –> UNIVERSAL DONOR
the Rh blood typing system, and hemolytic disease of the newborn
Rh system: + blood means you have the Rh antigen, - blood means you don’t
hemolytic disease is babies with Rh - blood with anti-Rh antibodies after exposure (2nd pregnancy)
