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Microbiology > Chapter 10 & 11 > Flashcards

Chapter 10 & 11 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

we have __________ base pairs

A

3 billion

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2
Q

we have ________ coding genes

A

23,500

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2
Q

we have __ chromosomes

A

46

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3
Q

there are __________ of DNA per cell

A

2 meters

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4
Q

DNA

A

genetic information storage in the nucleus

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5
Q

RNA

A

how DNA’s message goes to the ribosome (where proteins are produced)

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6
Q

Pyrimidines

A

cytosine, thymine, uracil

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7
Q

saying to remember pyrimidines

A

“CUT the PY”

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8
Q

A, C, G, T, U are all…

A

nucleotides

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8
Q

purines

A

Adenine and Guanine

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9
Q

saying to remember purines

A

“PURe As Gold”

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10
Q

nucleotide

A

nitrogenous bases attached to a sugar phosphate backbone

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11
Q

deoxyribose

A

sugar in DNA

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11
Q

what do DNA and RNA have in common about their structure?

A

they’re both built on a sugar phosphate backbone

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12
Q

ribose

A

sugar in RNA

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13
Q

what is DNA made of

A

A, C, G, T

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14
Q

what is RNA made of

A

A, C, G, U

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15
Q

_________ is double stranded (double helix)

A

DNA

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16
Q

_______ is single stranded

A

RNA

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17
Q

DNA replication

A

when 1 piece of DNA is copied by DNA polymerase to make a second strand

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18
Q

Why is DNA replication called semi-conservative?

A

each new DNA molecule has an old & a new strand

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19
Q

what are the complementary base pairs

A

A-T

G-C

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20
Q

DNA replication steps

A

1) RNA primers are laid down so the DNA polymerase has a starting point

2) okazaki fragments of DNA are produced off each RNA primer

3) RNA primers replaced w/ DNA

4) DNA ligase seals gaps and creates 1 continuous strand of DNA

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20
Q

what does helicase do?

A

it unwinds DNA to expose the leading and lagging strands

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21
Q

leading strand

A

synthesized continuously in the 5’ to 3’ direction

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21
Q

lagging strand

A

DNA is replicated discontinuously (and backwards)

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22
Q

genes

A

segments of DNA that code for functional products –> usually a protein

23
Q

transcription

A

converts DNA to RNA

24
Q

transcription changes the _______ of the message not the ___________

A

form, language

25
Q

translation

A

converts RNA to protein

26
Q

translation changes the ________ of a message from ___________ to _____________

A

language, nucleic acid, amino acid

27
Q

translation converts _____ into a sequence of ___________

A

RNA, amino acid (protein)

27
Q

transcription converts ________________ DNA into ________________ RNA

A

double stranded (double helix), single stranded

28
Q

bacteria can begin translation before transcription is done, why can’t we?

A

we can’t because transcription has to finish before translation occurs due to our nucleus

28
Q

RNA, amino acid (protein)

A

it allows DNA to send a message to the entire cell without having to leave the nucleus

29
Q

DNA polymerase

A

reads DNA and builds DNA

29
Q

what occurs during initiation of DNA transcription

A

occurs at PROMOTER sequence of DNA

see A put U

29
Q

steps of transcription

A

1) initiation

2) elongation

3) termination

29
Q

what occurs during elongation of DNA transcription

A

occurs as RNA polymerase reads DNA and builds RNA

30
Q

RNA polymerase

A

enzyme that reads DNA and builds RNA

31
Q

what occurs during termination of DNA termination

A

occurs at the terminator sequence of DNA

32
Q

RNA processing (in eukaryotes)

A

splice out introns (stay in nucleus)

stitch together exons (exit nucleus)

add a cap and tail

33
Q

mRNA

A

messenger RNA

is the message

33
Q

tRNA

A

transfer RNA

translator

34
Q

rRNA

A

ribosomal RNA

site of translation

35
Q

tRNA reads ___ letters at a time and carries ___________

A

3, amino acid

36
Q

DNA translation steps

A

1) initiation

2) elongation

3) termination

37
Q

what occurs during termination of DNA translation

A

occurs at 1 of the 3 STOP codons we have

37
Q

what occurs during initiation of DNA translation

A

occurs at the START codon (AUG)

38
Q

what occurs during elongation of DNA translation

A

builds the protein chain 1 amino acid at a time

39
Q

mutation

A

a change in the sequence of DNA

40
Q

we have _________ mutations in our cells everyday

A

1 million

41
Q

causes of mutations

A

normal metabolic function, copying errors, radiation, chemicals, viruses

42
Q

base substitutions (point mutations)

A

one is replaced with another

most common type of mutation

43
Q

missense mutation

A

change 1 codon –> change 1 amino acid

44
Q

silent mutation

A

does not affect the protein

45
Q

nonsense mutation

A

creates a stop codon

stops proteins from being produced

46
Q

frameshift mutation

A

more damaging because they ADD or REMOVE bases (changes reading frame)

47
Q

our genetic code is _________ because there are lots of places where multiple codons have the same ______________

A

degenerate, amino acid “meaning”

47
Q

vertical gene transfer

A

genes passed down from one organism to another through reproduction

48
Q

bacteria can use ___________ and ______________

A

horizontal, vertical gene transfer

48
Q

horizontal gene transfer examples

A

transformation, transduction, conjugation

49
Q

rough strain

A

lacks a capsule, harmless

50
Q

smooth strain

A

has capsule, pathogenic

51
Q

Griffith’s experiment was researching…

A

streptococcus pneumoniae

Microbiology (8 decks)

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