Chapter 10 & 11 Flashcards
we have __________ base pairs
3 billion
we have ________ coding genes
23,500
we have __ chromosomes
46
there are __________ of DNA per cell
2 meters
DNA
genetic information storage in the nucleus
RNA
how DNA’s message goes to the ribosome (where proteins are produced)
Pyrimidines
cytosine, thymine, uracil
saying to remember pyrimidines
“CUT the PY”
A, C, G, T, U are all…
nucleotides
purines
Adenine and Guanine
saying to remember purines
“PURe As Gold”
nucleotide
nitrogenous bases attached to a sugar phosphate backbone
deoxyribose
sugar in DNA
what do DNA and RNA have in common about their structure?
they’re both built on a sugar phosphate backbone
ribose
sugar in RNA
what is DNA made of
A, C, G, T
what is RNA made of
A, C, G, U
_________ is double stranded (double helix)
DNA
_______ is single stranded
RNA
DNA replication
when 1 piece of DNA is copied by DNA polymerase to make a second strand
Why is DNA replication called semi-conservative?
each new DNA molecule has an old & a new strand
what are the complementary base pairs
A-T
G-C
DNA replication steps
1) RNA primers are laid down so the DNA polymerase has a starting point
2) okazaki fragments of DNA are produced off each RNA primer
3) RNA primers replaced w/ DNA
4) DNA ligase seals gaps and creates 1 continuous strand of DNA
what does helicase do?
it unwinds DNA to expose the leading and lagging strands
leading strand
synthesized continuously in the 5’ to 3’ direction
lagging strand
DNA is replicated discontinuously (and backwards)
genes
segments of DNA that code for functional products –> usually a protein
transcription
converts DNA to RNA
transcription changes the _______ of the message not the ___________
form, language
translation
converts RNA to protein
translation changes the ________ of a message from ___________ to _____________
language, nucleic acid, amino acid
translation converts _____ into a sequence of ___________
RNA, amino acid (protein)
transcription converts ________________ DNA into ________________ RNA
double stranded (double helix), single stranded
bacteria can begin translation before transcription is done, why can’t we?
we can’t because transcription has to finish before translation occurs due to our nucleus
RNA, amino acid (protein)
it allows DNA to send a message to the entire cell without having to leave the nucleus
DNA polymerase
reads DNA and builds DNA
what occurs during initiation of DNA transcription
occurs at PROMOTER sequence of DNA
see A put U
steps of transcription
1) initiation
2) elongation
3) termination
what occurs during elongation of DNA transcription
occurs as RNA polymerase reads DNA and builds RNA
RNA polymerase
enzyme that reads DNA and builds RNA
what occurs during termination of DNA termination
occurs at the terminator sequence of DNA
RNA processing (in eukaryotes)
splice out introns (stay in nucleus)
stitch together exons (exit nucleus)
add a cap and tail
mRNA
messenger RNA
is the message
tRNA
transfer RNA
translator
rRNA
ribosomal RNA
site of translation
tRNA reads ___ letters at a time and carries ___________
3, amino acid
DNA translation steps
1) initiation
2) elongation
3) termination
what occurs during termination of DNA translation
occurs at 1 of the 3 STOP codons we have
what occurs during initiation of DNA translation
occurs at the START codon (AUG)
what occurs during elongation of DNA translation
builds the protein chain 1 amino acid at a time
mutation
a change in the sequence of DNA
we have _________ mutations in our cells everyday
1 million
causes of mutations
normal metabolic function, copying errors, radiation, chemicals, viruses
base substitutions (point mutations)
one is replaced with another
most common type of mutation
missense mutation
change 1 codon –> change 1 amino acid
silent mutation
does not affect the protein
nonsense mutation
creates a stop codon
stops proteins from being produced
frameshift mutation
more damaging because they ADD or REMOVE bases (changes reading frame)
our genetic code is _________ because there are lots of places where multiple codons have the same ______________
degenerate, amino acid “meaning”
vertical gene transfer
genes passed down from one organism to another through reproduction
bacteria can use ___________ and ______________
horizontal, vertical gene transfer
horizontal gene transfer examples
transformation, transduction, conjugation
rough strain
lacks a capsule, harmless
smooth strain
has capsule, pathogenic
Griffith’s experiment was researching…
streptococcus pneumoniae
