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Microbiology > Chapter 13 > Flashcards

Chapter 13 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

septic

A

with growth`

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2
Q

aseptic

A

absence of significant contamination

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3
Q

fomites

A

inanimate objects that can spread disease

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4
Q

disinfectant

A

chemical/physical methods to reduce organism growth

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4
Q

to kill fomites..

A

use disinfectant, sanitization, or sterilization

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5
Q

antiseptics

A

do the same as disinfectants but on living tissue (skin)

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6
Q

sanitization

A

used with eating utensils

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7
Q

degerming

A

physical/mechanical removal of microbes (handwashing)

on living tissue

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7
Q

sterilization

A

killing all microbial growth (aseptic lab techniques)

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8
Q

commercial sterilization

A

does not sterilize

kills c.diff in canned foods

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9
Q

thermal death point

A

the temp that will kill all microbes in a sample in 10 mins

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10
Q

thermal death time

A

how long it takes to kill all microbes at a given temp

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10
Q

is dry heat or moist heat more effective?

A

moist heat

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11
Q

moist heat

A

used for cooking, not for lab

will not kill endospores (c.diff)

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12
Q

dry heat

A

takes longer

170 degrees C for 2 hours

ovens

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12
Q

incineration

A

destroys by oxidizing (flaming wire loop)

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13
Q

autoclave is using…

A

moist heat

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14
Q

how does an autoclave work to kill microbes

A

uses pressurized steam to kill microbes and their ENDOSPORES

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15
Q

autoclave temp

A

121 C for 15 mins @ 15 lbs psi

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16
Q

how is steam effective towards microbes

A

it must come into direct contact in order to kill

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17
Q

what does pasteurization do?

A

kills pathogens

reduces food spoilage organisms

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17
Q

what is the exception with autoclaves

A

prions, they cause mad cow disease

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18
Q

pasteurization

A

prevents spoilage

does not sterilize

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19
Q

with pasteurization, the temp goes ______, the time goes _______

A

up, down

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20
Q

what are the different types of pasteurization?

A

stove top past.

HTST past (high temp short time)

UHT past (ultra high temp)

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21
Q

HEPA filtration is used on…

A

air (0.3 picometer pore size)

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22
Q

membrane filtration is used on…

A

liquids and heat-sensitive organisms

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23
Q

filtration is important for

A

vaccines

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24
Q

Refrigeration

A

bacteriostatic –> keeps microbes from growing and inhibits metabolism

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24
Q

freezing inhibits…

A

some microbes and kills others

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25
Q

pascalization

A

high pressure to control microbes

preserves food

takes 100-800MPa

26
Q

desiccation

A

drying, sucks water out, slowing metabolism

not sterile

27
Q

canned goods use a process called

A

plasmolysis

27
Q

hypertonic environment is used for what…

A

honey and jam

28
Q

plasmolysis

A

is the loss of water that occurs when a bacterial cell is put in a hypotonic environment

29
Q

lyophilization

A

freeze drying

30
Q

Ionizing vs non-ionizing radiation

A

ionizing: more powerful

non-ionizing: only useful on surfaces

31
Q

ionizing radiation

A

x-rays and gamma rays

damages double helix DNA

penetrates surfaces

32
Q

radura

A

put on foods that have been “electronically pasteurized”

33
Q

non-ionizing radiation

A

UV light

causes thymine dimers

only useful on surfaces

34
Q

kirby bauer antibiotic testing method

A

cover whole plate with bacteria and look for clear zones where it should tell you whether an organism is sensitive or resistant to an antibiotic

35
Q

how do phenolics and bisphenols kill microbes

A

by denaturing proteins and disrupting membranes

36
Q

phenolics replaced phenol because…

A

1) more effective

2) less toxic

3) less irritating

4) more stable

5) persist on surfaces

37
Q

o-phenylphenol

A

phenolic

active ingredient in lysol

38
Q

what works in the presence of organic materials? (blood, puke, etc)

A

o-phenylphenol

38
Q

triclosan is…

A

a bisphenol

39
Q

triclosan is ____ of liquid hand soap and _____ of bar soap

A

75%, 30%

40
Q

what does triclosan harm?

A

immune function

endocrine function

reproductive health

41
Q

how does chlorhexidine kill microbes

A

disrupts cell membranes

41
Q

example of triclosan resistant organisms

A

salmonella enterica

42
Q

chlorhexidine is a key…

A

bisbiguanide

43
Q

chlorhexidine is used as…

A

1) surgical hand scrub

2) surgery prep soap

3) oral rinse

43
Q

what is faster acting than chlorhexidine

A

alexidine

44
Q

how do alcohols kill microbes

A

denatures proteins and disrupts plasma membrane

45
Q

what is the most effective alcohol concentration?

A

70%

46
Q

surfactants

A

in soaps and detergent

47
Q

soap

A

don’t kill microbes, they physically remove them (degerming)

48
Q

QUATS are more common in…

A

healthcare

49
Q

toxic forms of oxygen

A

free radicals (reactive oxygen species)

50
Q

How do peroxygens work for microbial control?

A

they oxidize and create free radicals

50
Q

peracetic acid (PAA)

A

more effective than hydrogen peroxide at killing endospores

51
Q

benzoyl peroxide

A

used in acne meds to kill propionibacterium acnes

51
Q

hydrogen peroxide is used as…

A

a disinfectant, antiseptic, or gas

52
Q

carbamide peroxide

A

used in toothpaste to inhibit strep and disrupt biofilms

53
Q

ozone (O3)

A

used in water treatment

54
Q

How do alkylating agents work?

A

inactivates enzymes and nucleic acid

55
Q

formalin is..

A

37% formaldehyde

55
Q

chloramines are useful because…

A

they release chlorine over longer periods of time

more stable

56
Q

how do halogens work with microbial control

A

they oxidize and destabilizes cellular macromolecules

57
Q

chlorine forms _______________ in water

A

hypochlorous acid

58
Q

oligodynamic action

A

the ability of small amounts of a heavy metal compound to exert antimicrobial activity

58
Q

supercritical fluids

A

have properties of liquids and gases

59
Q

plasma is a good way to sterilize….

A

tubular instruments

59
Q

how do supercritical fluids work?

A

they penetrate cells, form carbonic acid, and lowers intracellular pH

60
Q

plasma is the _____________

A

4th state of matter

Microbiology (8 decks)

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