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Microbiology > Chapter 12 > Flashcards

Chapter 12 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

reaction enzyme

A

big part of bacterias “immune system”

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2
Q

phage

A

infects bacteria w/ virus which turns bacteria into a factory producing that virus

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3
Q

restriction enzymes were _________ not made

A

found

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3
Q

what do reaction enzymes do to bacterial phage DNA

A

hydrolyze (cut up)

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3
Q

restriction enzymes

A

cut out a bad gene and replaces it with a good one

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4
Q

polymerase chain reaction does what to DNA?

A

it amplifies DNA that look for infectious diseases

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5
Q

what are the steps to polymerase chain reaction

A

1) incubate dna at 94 degrees C for 1 min which separates DNA strands

2) DNA polymerase reads DNA

3) primer needs to be at starting point to work, they attach to single stranded DNA

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6
Q

gene gun

A

shoots micro gold nuggets thru plant and animal cells, some cells express DNA to become recombinant organisms

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7
Q

examples of biotechnology

A

insulin, growth hormone, vaccines, interferons, relaxin

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8
Q

signs

A

objective things that can be measured or observed

ex: labs, EKGs

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9
Q

syndrome

A

group of signs/symptoms that accompany a disease (IBS)

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9
Q

symptoms

A

subjective things patient has to tell you

ex: pain, fatigue

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10
Q

non communicable disease

A

NOT spread from person to person

ex: tetanus

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11
Q

contagious diseases

A

EASILY spread from one to another

ex: measles

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12
Q

communicable disease

A

ARE spread from person to person

ex: STDs

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13
Q

sporadic diseases

A

occur occasionally and are not limited to a certain geographical area

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14
Q

endemic diseases

A

are consistently present in a population

ex: malaria in Africa

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14
Q

pandemic diseases

A

are worldwide epidemics

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15
Q

epidemic diseases

A

lead to rapid increase of disease in a given area in a short period of time

ex: flu season

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16
Q

primary infections

A

acute infection that makes you sick and weakens immune system

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17
Q

secondary infections

A

opportunistic infections that you get after you’re already sick

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18
Q

opportunistic infections occur when…

A

an organism gets in wrong location

host is compromised

19
Q

why can Koch’s postulates fail?

A

if you can isolate organism in pure culture

if multiple organisms cause the same disease

if one organism causes multiple diseases

20
Q

5 stages of disease

A

incubation, prodromal, illness, decline, convalescence

21
Q

incubation period

A

infected but don’t have disease, long or short period of time

22
Q

period of illness

A

sick, disease is most severe

22
Q

prodromal period

A

mild signs/symptoms, on the way to period of illness

23
Q

period of decline

A

feeling better but still fatigued

24
Q

period of convalescence

A

regaining strength but still fatigued

25
Q

you can spread disease during….

A

any 5 stages of disease

26
Q

direct contract transmission

A

touching/kissing when sick

27
Q

indirect contract transmission

A

touching inanimate object and contaminating it –> someone touching it and getting sick

28
Q

fomites

A

inanimate object that spreads disease

29
Q

droplet transmission

A

not airborne, droplets touching you or landing on something

30
Q

vectors (animals or insects)

A

carry pathogens from one to another

31
Q

mechanical transmission

A

fly picks up pathogen and carries it to food –> person eats food and gets sick

32
Q

organisms can be carried in the _____ and ___________

A

gut, salivary glands

33
Q

biological transmission

A

infected mosquito bites uninfected person, infection spreads to persons blood –> 2nd mosquito bites and can now infect others

34
Q

mosquito bites creates a _______ ____ _________

A

portal of entry

35
Q

microbes in healthcare environments

A

strongest, fittest microbe infecting others

35
Q

nosocomial infections

A

infection you get while receiving care for another condition

36
Q

3 reasons why nosocomial infections are so serious

A

microbes in healthcare environments

compromised host

chain of transmission

37
Q

compromised host

A

really young/old patients, already sick so immunocompromised

38
Q

chain of transmission

A

care providers, family, staff giving patients microbes

39
Q

what is the most common cause of nosocomial infections

A

catheterization (UTIS)

40
Q

highest mortality nosocomial infections are

A

lower respiratory infections

41
Q

incidence

A

number of people who acquire a disease in a given time period (how many people got it)

41
Q

prevalence

A

number of people who have the disease in a time period regardless of when it appeared (old cases + new cases)

42
Q

How to remember specificity?

A

sPecificity: no false positive

43
Q

sensitive test

A

tells you that you patient has a disease if they have it

NO FALSE NEGATIVES

44
Q

specific test

A

won’t tell your healthy patients they have a disease

NO FALSE POSITIVES

45
Q

infection

A

when you’ve been invaded by a pathogen

doesnt have disease yet

46
Q

diseases

A

an abnormal state where there is a disruption of normal body functions (homeostasis)

Microbiology (8 decks)

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