Chapter 12

Question 1

reaction enzyme

Answer 1

big part of bacterias “immune system”

Question 2

phage

Answer 2

infects bacteria w/ virus which turns bacteria into a factory producing that virus

Question 3

restriction enzymes were _________ not made

Answer 3

found

Question 3

what do reaction enzymes do to bacterial phage DNA

Answer 3

hydrolyze (cut up)

Question 3

restriction enzymes

Answer 3

cut out a bad gene and replaces it with a good one

Question 4

polymerase chain reaction does what to DNA?

Answer 4

it amplifies DNA that look for infectious diseases

Question 5

what are the steps to polymerase chain reaction

Answer 5

1) incubate dna at 94 degrees C for 1 min which separates DNA strands

2) DNA polymerase reads DNA

3) primer needs to be at starting point to work, they attach to single stranded DNA

Question 6

gene gun

Answer 6

shoots micro gold nuggets thru plant and animal cells, some cells express DNA to become recombinant organisms

Question 7

examples of biotechnology

Answer 7

insulin, growth hormone, vaccines, interferons, relaxin

Question 8

signs

Answer 8

objective things that can be measured or observed

ex: labs, EKGs

Question 9

syndrome

Answer 9

group of signs/symptoms that accompany a disease (IBS)

Question 9

symptoms

Answer 9

subjective things patient has to tell you

ex: pain, fatigue

Question 10

non communicable disease

Answer 10

NOT spread from person to person

ex: tetanus

Question 11

contagious diseases

Answer 11

EASILY spread from one to another

ex: measles

Question 12

communicable disease

Answer 12

ARE spread from person to person

ex: STDs

Question 13

sporadic diseases

Answer 13

occur occasionally and are not limited to a certain geographical area

Question 14

endemic diseases

Answer 14

are consistently present in a population

ex: malaria in Africa

Question 14

pandemic diseases

Answer 14

are worldwide epidemics

Question 15

epidemic diseases

Answer 15

lead to rapid increase of disease in a given area in a short period of time

ex: flu season

Question 16

primary infections

Answer 16

acute infection that makes you sick and weakens immune system

Question 17

secondary infections

Answer 17

opportunistic infections that you get after you’re already sick

Question 18

opportunistic infections occur when…

Answer 18

an organism gets in wrong location

host is compromised

Question 19

why can Koch’s postulates fail?

Answer 19

if you can isolate organism in pure culture

if multiple organisms cause the same disease

if one organism causes multiple diseases

Question 20

5 stages of disease

Answer 20

incubation, prodromal, illness, decline, convalescence

Question 21

incubation period

Answer 21

infected but don't have disease, long or short period of time

Question 22

period of illness

Answer 22

sick, disease is most severe

Question 22

prodromal period

Answer 22

mild signs/symptoms, on the way to period of illness

Question 23

period of decline

Answer 23

feeling better but still fatigued

Question 24

period of convalescence

Answer 24

regaining strength but still fatigued

Question 25

you can spread disease during....

Answer 25

any 5 stages of disease

Question 26

direct contract transmission

Answer 26

touching/kissing when sick

Question 27

indirect contract transmission

Answer 27

touching inanimate object and contaminating it --> someone touching it and getting sick

Question 28

fomites

Answer 28

inanimate object that spreads disease

Question 29

droplet transmission

Answer 29

not airborne, droplets touching you or landing on something

Question 30

vectors (animals or insects)

Answer 30

carry pathogens from one to another

Question 31

mechanical transmission

Answer 31

fly picks up pathogen and carries it to food --> person eats food and gets sick

Question 32

organisms can be carried in the _____ and ___________

Answer 32

gut, salivary glands

Question 33

biological transmission

Answer 33

infected mosquito bites uninfected person, infection spreads to persons blood --> 2nd mosquito bites and can now infect others

Question 34

mosquito bites creates a _______ ____ _________

Answer 34

portal of entry

Question 35

microbes in healthcare environments

Answer 35

strongest, fittest microbe infecting others

Question 35

nosocomial infections

Answer 35

infection you get while receiving care for another condition

Question 36

3 reasons why nosocomial infections are so serious

Answer 36

microbes in healthcare environments compromised host chain of transmission

Question 37

compromised host

Answer 37

really young/old patients, already sick so immunocompromised

Question 38

chain of transmission

Answer 38

care providers, family, staff giving patients microbes

Question 39

what is the most common cause of nosocomial infections

Answer 39

catheterization (UTIS)

Question 40

highest mortality nosocomial infections are

Answer 40

lower respiratory infections

Question 41

incidence

Answer 41

number of people who acquire a disease in a given time period (how many people got it)

Question 41

prevalence

Answer 41

number of people who have the disease in a time period regardless of when it appeared (old cases + new cases)

Question 42

How to remember specificity?

Answer 42

sPecificity: no false positive

Question 43

sensitive test

Answer 43

tells you that you patient has a disease if they have it NO FALSE NEGATIVES

Question 44

specific test

Answer 44

won't tell your healthy patients they have a disease NO FALSE POSITIVES

Question 45

infection

Answer 45

when you've been invaded by a pathogen doesnt have disease yet

Question 46

diseases

Answer 46

an abnormal state where there is a disruption of normal body functions (homeostasis)