Chapter 12 Flashcards

1
Q

reaction enzyme

A

big part of bacterias “immune system”

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2
Q

phage

A

infects bacteria w/ virus which turns bacteria into a factory producing that virus

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3
Q

restriction enzymes were _________ not made

A

found

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3
Q

what do reaction enzymes do to bacterial phage DNA

A

hydrolyze (cut up)

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3
Q

restriction enzymes

A

cut out a bad gene and replaces it with a good one

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4
Q

polymerase chain reaction does what to DNA?

A

it amplifies DNA that look for infectious diseases

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5
Q

what are the steps to polymerase chain reaction

A

1) incubate dna at 94 degrees C for 1 min which separates DNA strands

2) DNA polymerase reads DNA

3) primer needs to be at starting point to work, they attach to single stranded DNA

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6
Q

gene gun

A

shoots micro gold nuggets thru plant and animal cells, some cells express DNA to become recombinant organisms

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7
Q

examples of biotechnology

A

insulin, growth hormone, vaccines, interferons, relaxin

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8
Q

signs

A

objective things that can be measured or observed

ex: labs, EKGs

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9
Q

syndrome

A

group of signs/symptoms that accompany a disease (IBS)

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9
Q

symptoms

A

subjective things patient has to tell you

ex: pain, fatigue

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10
Q

non communicable disease

A

NOT spread from person to person

ex: tetanus

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11
Q

contagious diseases

A

EASILY spread from one to another

ex: measles

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12
Q

communicable disease

A

ARE spread from person to person

ex: STDs

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13
Q

sporadic diseases

A

occur occasionally and are not limited to a certain geographical area

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14
Q

endemic diseases

A

are consistently present in a population

ex: malaria in Africa

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14
Q

pandemic diseases

A

are worldwide epidemics

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15
Q

epidemic diseases

A

lead to rapid increase of disease in a given area in a short period of time

ex: flu season

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16
Q

primary infections

A

acute infection that makes you sick and weakens immune system

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17
Q

secondary infections

A

opportunistic infections that you get after you’re already sick

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18
Q

opportunistic infections occur when…

A

an organism gets in wrong location

host is compromised

19
Q

why can Koch’s postulates fail?

A

if you can isolate organism in pure culture

if multiple organisms cause the same disease

if one organism causes multiple diseases

20
Q

5 stages of disease

A

incubation, prodromal, illness, decline, convalescence

21
incubation period
infected but don't have disease, long or short period of time
22
period of illness
sick, disease is most severe
22
prodromal period
mild signs/symptoms, on the way to period of illness
23
period of decline
feeling better but still fatigued
24
period of convalescence
regaining strength but still fatigued
25
you can spread disease during....
any 5 stages of disease
26
direct contract transmission
touching/kissing when sick
27
indirect contract transmission
touching inanimate object and contaminating it --> someone touching it and getting sick
28
fomites
inanimate object that spreads disease
29
droplet transmission
not airborne, droplets touching you or landing on something
30
vectors (animals or insects)
carry pathogens from one to another
31
mechanical transmission
fly picks up pathogen and carries it to food --> person eats food and gets sick
32
organisms can be carried in the _____ and ___________
gut, salivary glands
33
biological transmission
infected mosquito bites uninfected person, infection spreads to persons blood --> 2nd mosquito bites and can now infect others
34
mosquito bites creates a _______ ____ _________
portal of entry
35
microbes in healthcare environments
strongest, fittest microbe infecting others
35
nosocomial infections
infection you get while receiving care for another condition
36
3 reasons why nosocomial infections are so serious
microbes in healthcare environments compromised host chain of transmission
37
compromised host
really young/old patients, already sick so immunocompromised
38
chain of transmission
care providers, family, staff giving patients microbes
39
what is the most common cause of nosocomial infections
catheterization (UTIS)
40
highest mortality nosocomial infections are
lower respiratory infections
41
incidence
number of people who acquire a disease in a given time period (how many people got it)
41
prevalence
number of people who have the disease in a time period regardless of when it appeared (old cases + new cases)
42
How to remember specificity?
sPecificity: no false positive
43
sensitive test
tells you that you patient has a disease if they have it NO FALSE NEGATIVES
44
specific test
won't tell your healthy patients they have a disease NO FALSE POSITIVES
45
infection
when you've been invaded by a pathogen doesnt have disease yet
46
diseases
an abnormal state where there is a disruption of normal body functions (homeostasis)