Unit 3 Molecular Genetics Lesson 7 6.0-11.0

Question 1

What are large scale mutations?

Answer 1

Mutations that involve multiple nucleotides, entire genes or whole regions of chromosomes.

Question 2

What effects can large scale mutations have?

Answer 2

Various ones

Question 3

When does amplification occur in large scale mutations?

Answer 3

when a gene or group of genes is copied to multiple regions of chromosomes

Question 4

What do large scale mutations lead to?

Answer 4

a larger number of copies of the gene which compounds its effect

Question 5

What do large scale deletions remove?

Answer 5

entire coding regions of the DNA (muscular dystrophy)

Question 6

What is translocation?

Answer 6

A process that occurs when entire genes or groups of genes are moved from one chromosome to another

Question 7

What happens if a DNA coding sequence is translocated adjacent to another coding sequence?

Answer 7

this can result in an entirely new gene and a completely novel polypeptide chain

Question 8

When does inversion occur?

Answer 8

when a portion of a DNA molecule often containing one or many genes reverses its direction in the genome

Question 9

What is a trinucleotide?

Answer 9

a triplet of nucleotides

Question 10

What is a normal trinucleotide?

Answer 10

CAG, CAG, CAG, CAG

Question 11

What is Huntington’s disease caused by?

Answer 11

An expansive trinucleotide repeat

Question 12

What are two types of mutation causes?

Answer 12

Spontaneous
Induced

Question 13

What are spontaneous-caused mutations?

Answer 13

arise from inaccurate DNA replication

Question 14

What are induced-caused mutations?

Answer 14

caused by an environmental agent known as a mutagen

Question 15

What are examples of mutagens?

Answer 15

Chemicals, Radiation

Question 16

What are considered chemicals?

Answer 16

Any chemical agents that can enter a cell and chemically alter the structure of the DNA.

Question 17

What are examples of mutagens? What are they linked to?

Answer 17

CO and tobacco smoke act as mutagens and are linked to various forms of cancer
Nitrous acid can

Question 18

What can Nitrous Acid do?

Answer 18

modify individual nucleotides so that the nucleotides resemble other base pairs (confuses the replication machinery)

Question 19

What do benzene molecules do?

Answer 19

cause mutations by mimicking a DNA nucleotide (change of shape)

Question 20

What does radiation involve?

Answer 20

Electromagnetic, low energy, and high energy radiation

Question 21

How does radiation affect mutations?

Answer 21

Breaks bonds of the DNA interfering with replication

Question 22

What do beneficial (positive) mutations result in?

Answer 22

greater survival and reproductive success

Question 23

What do neutral mutations result in?

Answer 23

They are the majority of mutations
They are silent

Question 24

What is the duration of mutations?

Answer 24

They can act for a small amount of time or a long amount of time depending on the gene or protein they effect.

Question 25

What are detrimental (negative) mutations?

Answer 25

Lesser survival and reproductive success