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Grade 12 Biology > Not Important > Flashcards

Not Important Flashcards

1
Q

When does DNA replication occur?

A

During cell division

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2
Q

What specific phase of cell division does DNA replication occur?

A

S-Phase of the Cell Cycle

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3
Q

What must DNA replication be?

A

Accurate

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4
Q

What does DNA replication involve?

A

Copying one DNA molecule into two identical molecules

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5
Q

When discovered, DNA structure suggested what?

A

How DNA was able to replicate

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6
Q

Step 1 of how DNA was able to replicate

A

The H-bonds between complementary bases break;
This allows the DNA to unzip

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7
Q

Step 2 of how DNA was able to replicate and what does this result in?

A
  • Each DNA strand then acts as a template to build the complimentary strand
  • This results in two identical DNA molecules; one for each daughter cell
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8
Q

What were the three methods of DNA replication in question?

A

-Conservative Method
-Semi-Conservative Method
-Dispersive Method

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9
Q

What does the Conservative Method involve?

A

The original double-stranded DNA being conserved as one molecule for one daughter, and a completely new one for the other daughter,

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10
Q

What does the Semi-Conservative method involve?

A

The original molecule is split in half, and the other side is filled-in)

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11
Q

What does the Dispersive method involve?

A

Each new molecule is comprised of bits and pieces of both new DNA and the original strand

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12
Q

What did scientists Meselson and Stahl’s experiment involve?

A

Growing Escherichia coli (E. coli.) in 15N media, which made the DNA heavy.

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13
Q

What did Meselson and Stahl then do?

A

Then grew it on normal media (14N).

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14
Q

What were the 2 possible outcomes of Meselson and Stahl’s experiment?

A

1)New molecules have medium (hybrid) DNA or
2) One molecule has heavy DNA the other light,

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15
Q

What outcome was ultimately observed?

A

The first was observed

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16
Q

Although DNA replication has many steps, what are the general steps?

A

Initiation and unzipping.
Priming
Elongation
Proof-reading.

17
Q

What are the key steps in DNA replication?

A

DNA polymerase III
DNA polymerase I
Leading strand
Lagging strand
Okazaki fragments
RNA primase
Helicase
Gyrase
Ligase

18
Q

Initiation and Unzipping: When does Replication begin?

A

When proteins bind at a specific site on the DNA known as the origin of replication (ori).

19
Q

Differences and similarities between eukaryotic replication and prokaryotic replication

A

Eukaryotic replication is similar to prokaryotic replication but more complex

20
Q

How many origins of replication does the closer circular DNA of prokaryotes have?

A

They usually have only one.

21
Q

How many origins of replication does linear eukaryotic DNA have?

A

Have multiple

22
Q

DNA Strand Separation: Why can’t DNA strands be pulled apart?

A

because they are held together by hydrogen bonds and twisted around each other in the double helix.

23
Q

How are DNA template strands exposed?

A

When specific enzymes work together

24
Q

What is involved in DNA strand separation?

A

DNA helicase, which unwinds the double helix by breaking the H-bonds at the replication fork

25
Q

DNA Strand Separation: What is a Replication Fork?

A

Region where enzymes replicating
DNA bind to an untwisted, s.s. DNA strand

26
Q

DNA Strand Separation: What are Single-stranded Binding Proteins (SSBs)?

A

bind the exposed DNA template strands to block new H-bonds that would re-join the strands

27
Q

DNA Strand Separation: What is DNA Gyrase?

A
  • relieves tension from the unwinding of the DNA strands.
  • It cuts nicks in both strands of DNA, allowing them to swivel around one another and then resealing the cut strands
28
Q

DNA Replication: How does replication begin?

A

in 2 directions from the ori ’s as a region of the DNA is unwound.

29
Q

DNA Replication: How does it proceed?

A

toward the direction of the replication fork (leading strand) on one strand and away from the fork (lagging strand) on the other strand.

30
Q

DNA Replication: In eukaryotes, what happens if 2 replication forks are too near?

A

a replication bubble forms

31
Q

Priming for Elongation: DNA polymerase cannot do what?

A

start incorporating nucleotides on its own

32
Q

Priming for Elongation: DNA polymerase needs what?

A

an existing 3’ end of a nucleic acid

33
Q

Priming for Elongation: What provides that end?

A

A short segment of RNA (a “primer” - 10 to 60 nucleotides long)

34
Q

Priming for Elongation: What does RNA primase do?

A

synthesizes the primer and anneals it to the template strand

35
Q

Priming for Elongation: After RNA Primase is added, what can DNA polymerase then do?

A

add on DNA nucleotides

36
Q
A

Grade 12 Biology (44 decks)

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