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Grade 12 Biology > Biochemistry-SCH4U Review > Flashcards

Biochemistry-SCH4U Review Flashcards

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1
Q

What are 6 types of atoms that make up 99% of all living organisms.

A

Oxygen
Carbon
Hydrogen
Nitrogen
Phosphorus
Sulfur

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1
Q

Percentage of human body weight that each atom makes up.

A

Oxygen-65.0
Carbon-18.5
Hydrogen-9.5
Nitrogen-3.3
Phosphorus-1.0
Sulfur-0.3

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2
Q

Matter Definition

A

Any substance in the universe that has mass and occupies space.

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3
Q

Matter is composed of what?

A

Extremely small particles called atoms.

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4
Q

Atoms are what?

A

The smallest unit of any given element.

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5
Q

Same Basic structure of every Atom

A

Core nucleus of both protons and neutrons
Orbiting cloud of electrons

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6
Q

Atomic # Meaning

A

of protons= # of electrons

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7
Q

Mass Number Meaning

A

Number of Protons + Neutrons

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8
Q

Charges of Subatomic Particles

A

Protons-Positive Charge
Neutrons-No Charge
Electrons-Negative Charge

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9
Q

Parts of Atoms

A

Nucleus
Shells

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10
Q

Parts of Nucleus

A

Protons
Neutrons

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11
Q

Isotopes Meaning

A

Atoms of the same element that vary in the number of neutrons

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12
Q

Same Number of Protons in Isotopes Result In

A

All isotopes of an element having the same chemical properties

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13
Q

Chemical Behaviour of Atom determined by what

A

Its electron configuration

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14
Q

Electron Configuration Meaning

A

The distribution of electrons in the atom’s electron shells

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15
Q

Chemical behaviour of an atom depends largely on the number of electrons in its

A

Outermost shell (valence electron/shell)

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16
Q

Atoms with incomplete valence shells are what

A

Chemically reactive

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17
Q

of electrons outermost electron shell can hold

A

8 electrons

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18
Q

of electrons first electron shell can hold

A

2 electrons

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19
Q

Octet rule meaning

A

Atoms tend to gain, lose, or share electrons so as to have 8 electrons

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20
Q

C would like to

A

Gain/lose 4 electrons

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21
Q

N would like to

A

Gain 3 electrons

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22
Q

O would like to

A

Gain 2 electrons

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23
Q

H would like to

A

Gain 1 electron

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24
Q

Atoms bond to what

A

Form compounds

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25
Q

What compounds are made up of

A

At least 2 different kinds of atoms (e.g., H2O)

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26
Q

Bonds are formed by what

A

The sharing or transfer of electrons

27
Q

2 Types of Chemical Bonds

A

-Ionic Bonds
-Covalent Bonds

28
Q

Ionic Bonds Occurrence

A

Occur when one atom donates or gives up one or more electrons

29
Q

Opposite charges attract to form what?

A

Ionic bonds

30
Q

Covalent bonds involve

A

A sharing of a pair of valence electrons between atoms.

31
Q

H2 covalent bond type

A

Single covalent bond

32
Q

O2 covalent bond type

A

Double covalent bond

33
Q

CH4 (Methane) covalent bond type

A

Four single covalent bonds

34
Q

H2O (Water) covalent bond type

A

Two single covalent bonds

35
Q

Two types of covalent bonds

A

Polar Covalent
Non-Polar Covalent

36
Q

Polar Covalent Meaning

A

Unequal sharing of electrons (E.g. H2O)

37
Q

Non-Polar Covalent Meaning

A

Equal sharing of electrons (E.g. H2, O2)

38
Q

Sharing of electrons determined by what

A

By the atoms

39
Q

Sharing of electrons determined by the atoms meaning

A

Electronegativity

40
Q

Electronegativity meaning

A

The measure of the relative abilities of bonding atoms to attract electrons (Pauling Scale)

41
Q

Increased electronegativity =

A

Stronger pull of shared electrons

42
Q

Periodic table contains

A

Electronegativity values

43
Q

We can determine the nature of a bond based on

A

ΔEN (electronegativity difference)

44
Q

In a non-polar covalent bond, there is relatively

A

no electronegative difference.

45
Q

In a non-polar covalent bond,

A

Electrons are shared equally. E.g., O2 oxygen atoms have the same electronegativity

46
Q

In a polar covalent bond, there is

A

an electronegative difference.

47
Q

In a polar covalent bond,

A

Electrons are shared unequally. E.g., H2O oxygen atom is more electronegative than the hydrogen atoms

48
Q

Polar Covalent Analogy

A

The boy is not equally sharing with anyone else but rather taking all the food for himself.

49
Q

Non-Polar Covalent Analogy

A

The children are equally sharing the drink between themselves.

50
Q

Water is a ________ molecule because

A

Polar; because oxygen is more electronegative than hydrogen, and therefore electrons are pulled closer to oxygen.

51
Q

In water, shared electrons

A

spend more time near the the oxygen nucleus

52
Q

Shared electrons spend more time near the the oxygen nucleus =

A

oxygen atom gaining a slightly negative charge and the hydrogen atoms becoming slightly positive

53
Q

Polar molecules (like water) have what

A

An unequal distribution of charge

54
Q

Since water is __________, it can _________ what?

A

Polar; Attract; Other water molecules

55
Q

The attraction between water molecules are called what

A

Hydrogen bonds

56
Q

Type of Force of Hydrogen Bonds

A

Weak forces between molecules

57
Q

Why is water good because of its polarity?

A

A good solvent

58
Q

Solvent Meaning

A

A substance in which a solute dissolves

59
Q

Solute Meaning

A

What is being dissolved

60
Q

Water is great at

A

Dissolving both ionic (+,-) compounds and polar (partial positively, partial negatively charged molecules) molecules.

61
Q

Hydrophilic Compounds (love or hate water)

A

Love water-Interact with it by dissolving in it.

62
Q

Hydrophobic Compounds (love or hate water)

A

Hate water-Do not interact with water because they cannot form hydrogen bonds

63
Q

Example of Hydrophilic Compound

A

Anions (chloride ions) in salt attracted to + poles of water

64
Q

Example of Hydrophobic Compound

A

E.g., Non-polar compounds are insoluble in water
Oil – non-polar compound of carbon and hydrogen

Grade 12 Biology (4 decks)

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