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Grade 12 Biology > Biochemistry-SCH4U Review > Flashcards

Biochemistry-SCH4U Review Flashcards

1
Q

What are 6 types of atoms that make up 99% of all living organisms.

A

Oxygen
Carbon
Hydrogen
Nitrogen
Phosphorus
Sulfur

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1
Q

Percentage of human body weight that each atom makes up.

A

Oxygen-65.0
Carbon-18.5
Hydrogen-9.5
Nitrogen-3.3
Phosphorus-1.0
Sulfur-0.3

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2
Q

Matter Definition

A

Any substance in the universe that has mass and occupies space.

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3
Q

Matter is composed of what?

A

Extremely small particles called atoms.

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4
Q

Atoms are what?

A

The smallest unit of any given element.

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5
Q

Same Basic structure of every Atom

A

Core nucleus of both protons and neutrons
Orbiting cloud of electrons

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6
Q

Atomic # Meaning

A

of protons= # of electrons

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7
Q

Mass Number Meaning

A

Number of Protons + Neutrons

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8
Q

Charges of Subatomic Particles

A

Protons-Positive Charge
Neutrons-No Charge
Electrons-Negative Charge

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9
Q

Parts of Atoms

A

Nucleus
Shells

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10
Q

Parts of Nucleus

A

Protons
Neutrons

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11
Q

Isotopes Meaning

A

Atoms of the same element that vary in the number of neutrons

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12
Q

Same Number of Protons in Isotopes Result In

A

All isotopes of an element having the same chemical properties

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13
Q

Chemical Behaviour of Atom determined by what

A

Its electron configuration

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14
Q

Electron Configuration Meaning

A

The distribution of electrons in the atom’s electron shells

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15
Q

Chemical behaviour of an atom depends largely on the number of electrons in its

A

Outermost shell (valence electron/shell)

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16
Q

Atoms with incomplete valence shells are what

A

Chemically reactive

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17
Q

of electrons outermost electron shell can hold

A

8 electrons

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18
Q

of electrons first electron shell can hold

A

2 electrons

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19
Q

Octet rule meaning

A

Atoms tend to gain, lose, or share electrons so as to have 8 electrons

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20
Q

C would like to

A

Gain/lose 4 electrons

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21
Q

N would like to

A

Gain 3 electrons

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22
Q

O would like to

A

Gain 2 electrons

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23
Q

H would like to

A

Gain 1 electron

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24
Atoms bond to what
Form compounds
25
What compounds are made up of
At least 2 different kinds of atoms (e.g., H2O)
26
Bonds are formed by what
The sharing or transfer of electrons
27
2 Types of Chemical Bonds
-Ionic Bonds -Covalent Bonds
28
Ionic Bonds Occurrence
Occur when one atom donates or gives up one or more electrons
29
Opposite charges attract to form what?
Ionic bonds
30
Covalent bonds involve
A sharing of a pair of valence electrons between atoms.
31
H2 covalent bond type
Single covalent bond
32
O2 covalent bond type
Double covalent bond
33
CH4 (Methane) covalent bond type
Four single covalent bonds
34
H2O (Water) covalent bond type
Two single covalent bonds
35
Two types of covalent bonds
Polar Covalent Non-Polar Covalent
36
Polar Covalent Meaning
Unequal sharing of electrons (E.g. H2O)
37
Non-Polar Covalent Meaning
Equal sharing of electrons (E.g. H2, O2)
38
Sharing of electrons determined by what
By the atoms
39
Sharing of electrons determined by the atoms meaning
Electronegativity
40
Electronegativity meaning
The measure of the relative abilities of bonding atoms to attract electrons (Pauling Scale)
41
Increased electronegativity =
Stronger pull of shared electrons
42
Periodic table contains
Electronegativity values
43
We can determine the nature of a bond based on
ΔEN (electronegativity difference)
44
In a non-polar covalent bond, there is relatively
no electronegative difference.
45
In a non-polar covalent bond,
Electrons are shared equally. E.g., O2 oxygen atoms have the same electronegativity
46
In a polar covalent bond, there is
an electronegative difference.
47
In a polar covalent bond,
Electrons are shared unequally. E.g., H2O oxygen atom is more electronegative than the hydrogen atoms
48
Polar Covalent Analogy
The boy is not equally sharing with anyone else but rather taking all the food for himself.
49
Non-Polar Covalent Analogy
The children are equally sharing the drink between themselves.
50
Water is a ________ molecule because
Polar; because oxygen is more electronegative than hydrogen, and therefore electrons are pulled closer to oxygen.
51
In water, shared electrons
spend more time near the the oxygen nucleus
52
Shared electrons spend more time near the the oxygen nucleus =
oxygen atom gaining a slightly negative charge and the hydrogen atoms becoming slightly positive
53
Polar molecules (like water) have what
An unequal distribution of charge
54
Since water is __________, it can _________ what?
Polar; Attract; Other water molecules
55
The attraction between water molecules are called what
Hydrogen bonds
56
Type of Force of Hydrogen Bonds
Weak forces between molecules
57
Why is water good because of its polarity?
A good solvent
58
Solvent Meaning
A substance in which a solute dissolves
59
Solute Meaning
What is being dissolved
60
Water is great at
Dissolving both ionic (+,-) compounds and polar (partial positively, partial negatively charged molecules) molecules.
61
Hydrophilic Compounds (love or hate water)
Love water-Interact with it by dissolving in it.
62
Hydrophobic Compounds (love or hate water)
Hate water-Do not interact with water because they cannot form hydrogen bonds
63
Example of Hydrophilic Compound
Anions (chloride ions) in salt attracted to + poles of water
64
Example of Hydrophobic Compound
E.g., Non-polar compounds are insoluble in water Oil – non-polar compound of carbon and hydrogen

Grade 12 Biology (43 decks)

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