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Grade 12 Biology > Macromolecules #1: Carbohydrates (Saccharides) Deck #1 > Flashcards

Macromolecules #1: Carbohydrates (Saccharides) Deck #1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are saccharides composed of?

A

Composed of monomers with the empirical formula CH2O.

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2
Q

What are monomers distinguished by?

A

The number of #Cs (carbons) and the type of carbonyl group.

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3
Q

How do monomers exist?

A

In a linear or ring-like state.

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4
Q

What may saccharides be?

A

Isomers like fructose and glucose, which have the same chemical formula but different structures.

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5
Q

What is another name for monosaccharides?

A

Simple sugars

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6
Q

What do all monosaccharides have?

A

The formula, C6H12O6

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7
Q

What is an example of a monosaccharide (that has a ring structure)?

A

Glucose

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8
Q

What makes a carbonyl a carbonyl?

A

The location of the bond.

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9
Q

Aldose (Aldehyde) Triose (3C) Common Saccharide

A

D-Glyceraldehyde

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10
Q

Aldose (Aldehyde) Pentose (5C) Common Saccharide

A

D-Ribose

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11
Q

Aldose (Aldehyde) Hexose (6C) Common Saccharide #1

A

D-Glucose

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12
Q

Aldose (Aldehyde) Hexose (6C) Common Saccharide #2

A

D-Galactose

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13
Q

Ketose (Ketone) Triose (3C) Common Saccharide

A

Dihydroxyacetone

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14
Q

Ketose (Ketone) Triose (3C) Common Saccharide

A

D-Ribulose

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15
Q

Ketose (Ketone) Hexose (6C) Common Saccharide

A

D-Fructose

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16
Q

What is D-Glyceraldehyde important for?

A

Important for link between photosynthesis and cellular respiration processes.

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17
Q

Where is D-Ribose found?

A

In RNA

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18
Q

What is D-Glucose?

A

An isomer

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19
Q

What does D-Glucose have that is different than regular Glucose?

A

Orientation of bonds (different isotope of glucose)

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20
Q

How do we interact with D-Glucose? As what?

A

Eat mostly; as regular sugar

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21
Q

What is D-Galactose?

A

Milk sugar

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22
Q

What are both D-Glucose and D-Galactose classified as?

A

Safe sugars

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23
Q

What organ is Ketone broken down with?

A

Kidney

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24
Q

What is D-Fructose?

A

Safest nutritional content

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25
Q

What is Ribulose part of?

A

Plant sugars

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26
Q

What is Dihydroxyacetone part of?

A

All metabolic processes

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27
Q

What type of bonds (in terms of energy) are all carbon-hydrogen bonds?

A

High energy bonds with high numerical value

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28
Q

Breaking down monosaccharides results in what?

A

Very little waste product.

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29
Q

What happens to monosaccharides in water?

A

A reversible reaction to form a ring.

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30
Q

One of the OH groups does what to the carbonyl group?

A

“Attacks” the carbonyl group to form a ring.

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31
Q

What does the ring structure have?

A

Isomers (Same molecular structure, different atomic arrangement)

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32
Q

Alpha and Beta Glucose OH points in what direction?

A

Downward (Z-Plane)

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33
Q

Why don’t Alpha and Beta Glucose form linear structures?

A

Because it is easy to break.

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34
Q

What is another name for disaccharides?

A

Double sugars

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35
Q

What is the formula for all disaccharides?

A

C12H22O11

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36
Q

What is an example of a disaccharide?

A

Sucrose (table sugar)

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37
Q

What do disaccharides consist of?

A

Two monosaccharides linked together

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38
Q

What do disaccharides hit the digestive system as?

A

Monosaccharides

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39
Q

When monosaccharides come together, what happens?

A

The water molecule is removed

40
Q

When monosaccharides split apart, what happens?

A

The water molecule comes back

41
Q

What monosaccharides is sucrose made up of?

A

Fructose and Glucose

42
Q

What does fructose look like?

A

Looks like a house (pentagon-shaped)

43
Q

What does glucose look like?

A

Is hexagon-shaped

44
Q

What are simple carbohydrates?

A

Monosaccharides
Disaccharides

45
Q

What are examples of monosaccharides?

A

Fructose (fruit and honey)
Glucose (Photosynthetic product)

46
Q

What are examples of disaccharides?

A

Sucrose (table sugar)
Lactose (milk)

47
Q

What are two types of complex carbohydrates?

A

Polysaccharides
Oligosaccharides

48
Q

What are polysaccharides formed by?

A

Dehydration synthesis of monosaccharides

49
Q

What is an oligosaccharide?

A

A short saccharide chain

50
Q

What is a glycosidic bond?

A

Bond between saccharide subunits (1,4 or 1,6 glycosidic linkage)

51
Q

What foods are polysaccharides found in?

A

Pasta, Rice, Bread, Corn, Vegetables

52
Q

Dehydration =

A

Removal of water molecule

53
Q

Join Two monosaccharides =

A

Removal of water molecules (1 oxy 2 hydro)

54
Q

Adding water back in =

A

Hydrolysis

55
Q

What are examples of complex carbohydrates?

A

Amylose (straight chain plant starch)
*Amylopectin (branching plant starch)
*Cellulose (plant cell walls)
*Glycogen (animal cells)
*Chitin (insect exoskeleton)

56
Q

What contains Amylose?

A

Fake meat (plant-based) products contains it

57
Q

What contains Amylopectin?

A

Plant-based liquid products

58
Q

What contains Cellulose?

A

Indigestible starch in plant cell walls (humans can’t digest it)

59
Q

What contains Glycogen?

A

Found in liver (storage component for carbs)

60
Q

What contains Chitin?

A

Insect shells have it

61
Q

Usually glucose molecules are bonded between what?

A

C1 and C4 (straight chains)

62
Q

Bonding between what is possible?

A

C1 and C6 is possible (branching)

63
Q

What is the main function of Carbohydrates? What type of Carbohydrate performs this function?

A

Primary Energy Source:
Simple sugars (Mono and Disaccharides)

64
Q

Primary function is what?

A

Immediate energy source for the cell

65
Q

Monosaccharides (i.e. glucose) is produced by what process?

A

Photosynthesis

66
Q

What is monosaccharides (i.e. glucose) converted into ATP by?

A

Cellular Respiration

67
Q

What does body go to when it needs energy?

A

Carbohydrates

68
Q

What is the cleanest to break down into energy?

A

Carbohydrates

69
Q

What is another main function of Carbohydrates? What type of Carbohydrates performs this function?

A

Temporary Energy Storage Molecules; Polysaccharides

70
Q

What is one example of these temporary energy storage molecules?

A

Starch in plants

71
Q

What is starch in plants?

A

Products of photosynthesis (glucose) are stored as starch in amyloplasts of plant cells.

72
Q

What is another example of these temporary energy storage molecules?

A

Glycogen in animals

73
Q

What is glycogen in animals?

A

when animals ingest excess carbohydrates, it is stored in the liver as the polysaccharide glycogen.

74
Q

Humans don’t get enough what in lifetime?

A

Carbohydrates

75
Q

What happens if carbohydrates are stored in the liver too long?

A

Carbohydrates are transferred as fat.

76
Q

Do we get energy from cellulose?

A

No, because we don’t have the enzymes to digest it.

77
Q

What is the difference between starch and cellulose?

A

Starch: Bonds all facing up
Cellulose: Bonds alternating up and down

78
Q

What is a third function of carbohydrates?

A

Structural Molecules

79
Q

What do carbohydrates being structural molecules mean?

A

Provide structure or rigidity

80
Q

What are examples of carbohydrates being structural molecules?

A

Cellulose as plant cell wall
Chitin as insect and arthropod exoskeletons
Cells walls of fungi

81
Q

Is energy stored in bonds of structural molecules?

A

No energy is stored

82
Q

What is a fourth function of carbohydrates?

A

Carbohydrates in Membranes

83
Q

What do carbohydrates in membranes act as?

A

Cell surface markers, cell-to-cell signaling, cell anchoring

84
Q

Carbohydrates can be attached to what?

A

Other molecules embedded in cell membranes

85
Q

Glyco-” is term for what? Provide example too.

A

Other molecules embedded in cell membranes (e.g. glycoprotein = carbohydrate attached to protein)

86
Q

What is the most common organic compound on earth? What does it make?

A

Cellulose
-33% of all plant matter
-90% of cotton
-50% of wood

87
Q

What are the processes by which complex carbohydrates are formed and broken down?

A

-Dehydration Synthesis (formed)
-Hydrolysis (Broken down)

88
Q

What does dehydration synthesis involve?

A

Combining simple molecules to form a more complex one with the removal of water

89
Q

Example of dehydration synthesis reaction

A

monosaccharide + monosaccharide —-> disaccharide + water
C6H12O6 + C6H12O6 —-> C12H22O11 + H2O

90
Q

Polysaccharides are formed from what?

A

Repeated dehydration syntheses of water

91
Q

Polysaccharides are what?

A

The stored extra sugars known as starch

92
Q

Polysaccharides breaking down involves what?

A

Fermentation (forms gas)

93
Q

What does hydrolysis involve?

A

Addition of WATER to a compound to SPLIT it into smaller subunits

94
Q

What is hydrolysis also called?

A

Chemical digestion

95
Q

Example of a hydrolysis reaction

A

disaccharide + H2O —> monosaccharide + monosaccharide
C12 H22 O11 + H2O —> C6H12O6 + C6 H12 O6

Grade 12 Biology (44 decks)

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