Macromolecules #1: Carbohydrates (Saccharides) Deck #1 Flashcards
1
Q
What are saccharides composed of?
A
Composed of monomers with the empirical formula CH2O.
2
Q
What are monomers distinguished by?
A
The number of #Cs (carbons) and the type of carbonyl group.
3
Q
How do monomers exist?
A
In a linear or ring-like state.
4
Q
What may saccharides be?
A
Isomers like fructose and glucose, which have the same chemical formula but different structures.
5
Q
What is another name for monosaccharides?
A
Simple sugars
6
Q
What do all monosaccharides have?
A
The formula, C6H12O6
7
Q
What is an example of a monosaccharide (that has a ring structure)?
A
Glucose
8
Q
What makes a carbonyl a carbonyl?
A
The location of the bond.
9
Q
Aldose (Aldehyde) Triose (3C) Common Saccharide
A
D-Glyceraldehyde
10
Q
Aldose (Aldehyde) Pentose (5C) Common Saccharide
A
D-Ribose
11
Q
Aldose (Aldehyde) Hexose (6C) Common Saccharide #1
A
D-Glucose
12
Q
Aldose (Aldehyde) Hexose (6C) Common Saccharide #2
A
D-Galactose
13
Q
Ketose (Ketone) Triose (3C) Common Saccharide
A
Dihydroxyacetone
14
Q
Ketose (Ketone) Triose (3C) Common Saccharide
A
D-Ribulose
15
Q
Ketose (Ketone) Hexose (6C) Common Saccharide
A
D-Fructose
16
Q
What is D-Glyceraldehyde important for?
A
Important for link between photosynthesis and cellular respiration processes.
17
Q
Where is D-Ribose found?
A
In RNA
18
Q
What is D-Glucose?
A
An isomer
19
Q
What does D-Glucose have that is different than regular Glucose?
A
Orientation of bonds (different isotope of glucose)
20
Q
How do we interact with D-Glucose? As what?
A
Eat mostly; as regular sugar
21
Q
What is D-Galactose?
A
Milk sugar
22
Q
What are both D-Glucose and D-Galactose classified as?
A
Safe sugars
23
Q
What organ is Ketone broken down with?
A
Kidney
24
Q
What is D-Fructose?
A
Safest nutritional content
25
What is Ribulose part of?
Plant sugars
26
What is Dihydroxyacetone part of?
All metabolic processes
27
What type of bonds (in terms of energy) are all carbon-hydrogen bonds?
High energy bonds with high numerical value
28
Breaking down monosaccharides results in what?
Very little waste product.
29
What happens to monosaccharides in water?
A reversible reaction to form a ring.
30
One of the OH groups does what to the carbonyl group?
"Attacks" the carbonyl group to form a ring.
31
What does the ring structure have?
Isomers (Same molecular structure, different atomic arrangement)
32
Alpha and Beta Glucose OH points in what direction?
Downward (Z-Plane)
33
Why don't Alpha and Beta Glucose form linear structures?
Because it is easy to break.
34
What is another name for disaccharides?
Double sugars
35
What is the formula for all disaccharides?
C12H22O11
36
What is an example of a disaccharide?
Sucrose (table sugar)
37
What do disaccharides consist of?
Two monosaccharides linked together
38
What do disaccharides hit the digestive system as?
Monosaccharides
39
When monosaccharides come together, what happens?
The water molecule is removed
40
When monosaccharides split apart, what happens?
The water molecule comes back
41
What monosaccharides is sucrose made up of?
Fructose and Glucose
42
What does fructose look like?
Looks like a house (pentagon-shaped)
43
What does glucose look like?
Is hexagon-shaped
44
What are simple carbohydrates?
Monosaccharides
Disaccharides
45
What are examples of monosaccharides?
Fructose (fruit and honey)
Glucose (Photosynthetic product)
46
What are examples of disaccharides?
Sucrose (table sugar)
Lactose (milk)
47
What are two types of complex carbohydrates?
Polysaccharides
Oligosaccharides
48
What are polysaccharides formed by?
Dehydration synthesis of monosaccharides
49
What is an oligosaccharide?
A short saccharide chain
50
What is a glycosidic bond?
Bond between saccharide subunits (1,4 or 1,6 glycosidic linkage)
51
What foods are polysaccharides found in?
Pasta, Rice, Bread, Corn, Vegetables
52
Dehydration =
Removal of water molecule
53
Join Two monosaccharides =
Removal of water molecules (1 oxy 2 hydro)
54
Adding water back in =
Hydrolysis
55
What are examples of complex carbohydrates?
Amylose (straight chain plant starch)
*Amylopectin (branching plant starch)
*Cellulose (plant cell walls)
*Glycogen (animal cells)
*Chitin (insect exoskeleton)
56
What contains Amylose?
Fake meat (plant-based) products contains it
57
What contains Amylopectin?
Plant-based liquid products
58
What contains Cellulose?
Indigestible starch in plant cell walls (humans can’t digest it)
59
What contains Glycogen?
Found in liver (storage component for carbs)
60
What contains Chitin?
Insect shells have it
61
Usually glucose molecules are bonded between what?
C1 and C4 (straight chains)
62
Bonding between what is possible?
C1 and C6 is possible (branching)
63
What is the main function of Carbohydrates? What type of Carbohydrate performs this function?
Primary Energy Source:
Simple sugars (Mono and Disaccharides)
64
Primary function is what?
Immediate energy source for the cell
65
Monosaccharides (i.e. glucose) is produced by what process?
Photosynthesis
66
What is monosaccharides (i.e. glucose) converted into ATP by?
Cellular Respiration
67
What does body go to when it needs energy?
Carbohydrates
68
What is the cleanest to break down into energy?
Carbohydrates
69
What is another main function of Carbohydrates? What type of Carbohydrates performs this function?
Temporary Energy Storage Molecules; Polysaccharides
70
What is one example of these temporary energy storage molecules?
Starch in plants
71
What is starch in plants?
Products of photosynthesis (glucose) are stored as starch in amyloplasts of plant cells.
72
What is another example of these temporary energy storage molecules?
Glycogen in animals
73
What is glycogen in animals?
when animals ingest excess carbohydrates, it is stored in the liver as the polysaccharide glycogen.
74
Humans don't get enough what in lifetime?
Carbohydrates
75
What happens if carbohydrates are stored in the liver too long?
Carbohydrates are transferred as fat.
76
Do we get energy from cellulose?
No, because we don't have the enzymes to digest it.
77
What is the difference between starch and cellulose?
Starch: Bonds all facing up
Cellulose: Bonds alternating up and down
78
What is a third function of carbohydrates?
Structural Molecules
79
What do carbohydrates being structural molecules mean?
Provide structure or rigidity
80
What are examples of carbohydrates being structural molecules?
Cellulose as plant cell wall
Chitin as insect and arthropod exoskeletons
Cells walls of fungi
81
Is energy stored in bonds of structural molecules?
No energy is stored
82
What is a fourth function of carbohydrates?
Carbohydrates in Membranes
83
What do carbohydrates in membranes act as?
Cell surface markers, cell-to-cell signaling, cell anchoring
84
Carbohydrates can be attached to what?
Other molecules embedded in cell membranes
85
Glyco-” is term for what? Provide example too.
Other molecules embedded in cell membranes (e.g. glycoprotein = carbohydrate attached to protein)
86
What is the most common organic compound on earth? What does it make?
Cellulose
-33% of all plant matter
-90% of cotton
-50% of wood
87
What are the processes by which complex carbohydrates are formed and broken down?
-Dehydration Synthesis (formed)
-Hydrolysis (Broken down)
88
What does dehydration synthesis involve?
Combining simple molecules to form a more complex one with the removal of water
89
Example of dehydration synthesis reaction
monosaccharide + monosaccharide ----> disaccharide + water
C6H12O6 + C6H12O6 ----> C12H22O11 + H2O
90
Polysaccharides are formed from what?
Repeated dehydration syntheses of water
91
Polysaccharides are what?
The stored extra sugars known as starch
92
Polysaccharides breaking down involves what?
Fermentation (forms gas)
93
What does hydrolysis involve?
Addition of WATER to a compound to SPLIT it into smaller subunits
94
What is hydrolysis also called?
Chemical digestion
95
Example of a hydrolysis reaction
disaccharide + H2O ---> monosaccharide + monosaccharide
C12 H22 O11 + H2O ---> C6H12O6 + C6 H12 O6
