Macromolecules #1: Carbohydrates (Saccharides) Deck #1 Flashcards
What are saccharides composed of?
Composed of monomers with the empirical formula CH2O.
What are monomers distinguished by?
The number of #Cs (carbons) and the type of carbonyl group.
How do monomers exist?
In a linear or ring-like state.
What may saccharides be?
Isomers like fructose and glucose, which have the same chemical formula but different structures.
What is another name for monosaccharides?
Simple sugars
What do all monosaccharides have?
The formula, C6H12O6
What is an example of a monosaccharide (that has a ring structure)?
Glucose
What makes a carbonyl a carbonyl?
The location of the bond.
Aldose (Aldehyde) Triose (3C) Common Saccharide
D-Glyceraldehyde
Aldose (Aldehyde) Pentose (5C) Common Saccharide
D-Ribose
Aldose (Aldehyde) Hexose (6C) Common Saccharide #1
D-Glucose
Aldose (Aldehyde) Hexose (6C) Common Saccharide #2
D-Galactose
Ketose (Ketone) Triose (3C) Common Saccharide
Dihydroxyacetone
Ketose (Ketone) Triose (3C) Common Saccharide
D-Ribulose
Ketose (Ketone) Hexose (6C) Common Saccharide
D-Fructose
What is D-Glyceraldehyde important for?
Important for link between photosynthesis and cellular respiration processes.
Where is D-Ribose found?
In RNA
What is D-Glucose?
An isomer
What does D-Glucose have that is different than regular Glucose?
Orientation of bonds (different isotope of glucose)
How do we interact with D-Glucose? As what?
Eat mostly; as regular sugar
What is D-Galactose?
Milk sugar
What are both D-Glucose and D-Galactose classified as?
Safe sugars
What organ is Ketone broken down with?
Kidney
What is D-Fructose?
Safest nutritional content
What is Ribulose part of?
Plant sugars
What is Dihydroxyacetone part of?
All metabolic processes
What type of bonds (in terms of energy) are all carbon-hydrogen bonds?
High energy bonds with high numerical value
Breaking down monosaccharides results in what?
Very little waste product.
What happens to monosaccharides in water?
A reversible reaction to form a ring.
One of the OH groups does what to the carbonyl group?
“Attacks” the carbonyl group to form a ring.
What does the ring structure have?
Isomers (Same molecular structure, different atomic arrangement)
Alpha and Beta Glucose OH points in what direction?
Downward (Z-Plane)
Why don’t Alpha and Beta Glucose form linear structures?
Because it is easy to break.
What is another name for disaccharides?
Double sugars
What is the formula for all disaccharides?
C12H22O11
What is an example of a disaccharide?
Sucrose (table sugar)
What do disaccharides consist of?
Two monosaccharides linked together
What do disaccharides hit the digestive system as?
Monosaccharides