Macromolecules #2: Lipids Flashcards
Fat is what at room temperature?
Solid
Oil is what at room temperature
Liquid
Lipids are soluble in what? What are they not soluble in?-Because of what?
Organic solvents; Water-because they are all hydrophobic.
Lipids are primarily consumed for what?
Energy (specifically dietary lipids are primarily used/stored for energy.
What is a big part of lipids used for?
Insulation
Lipids are diverse groups, which means what?
There is no basic sub-unit
What elements do lipids contain?
Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen but the H:O is not in a 2:1 ratio.
Lipids don’t come in what? What do lipids not have?
A specific ratio; there is no specific structural formula for lipids.
What are the 4 major sub-groups of lipids?
-Glycerides (Fats): Include triglycerides
-Phospholipids: Main component of cell membranes.
- Steroids
- Waxes
What differentiates a phospholipid from a triglyceride?
-Phospholipid: Two fatty acid chains.
-Triglyceride: Three fatty acid chains
What does cholesterol have that phospholipids and triglycerides don’t?
-Four hydrocarbon rings
- One hydrocarbon tail
What is one function of lipids (triglycerides)?
Long term energy storage, which is 2x energy that comes from carbohydrates.
How many times (numerically) of energy can lipids provide vs carbs? Why is that?
-2x to 3x of energy that carbs can give.
-Because lipids are massive - because of that lipids take time to break down - because of that lipids don’t provide energy immediately like carbs.
What is another reason why lipids don’t provide energy immediately?
Lipids do not always make themselves accessible to enzymes.
What are lipids the main source of? It is used as and is for?
-Potential Energy
-Used as needed and is for more long-term energy.
During sleep, humans burn what? Why?
-Lipids
-Bc of no rush for time + no need for any other short-term energy requirements.
Lipids take a lot of what to be broken?
Energy
What does lipids taking a lot of energy to be broken result in?
Only breaking down lipids when the need is necessary.
What is a 2nd function of lipids (triglycerides)?
Cushions/protects organs (e.g. kidney, reproductive organs, etc…)
What does each organ have?
A layer of lipids (fats) to cushion/protect it.
What is a 3rd function of lipids (triglycerides)?
Insulation: Helps maintain constant internal temperature
Why are triglycerides important for insulation?
Because humans cannot regulate internal body temperature; without them, we would not be able to regulate it otherwise.
Why would we use lipids for insulation rather than carbs?
Because carbs are much easier for enzymes to find than lipids-therefore, they do not last as long.
What is a more immediate purpose for triglycerides?
Insulation
What else are triglycerides used for?
Longer bursts of energy that are not needed immediately (needs consistent amount of energy over time).
What is the difference between carbohydrates and lipids (in terms of energy needs)?
Carbohydrates: For functions in flux.
Lipids: For functions at the same rate over time.
What is a fourth function of Lipids?
Structural-Cell Membrane
What are two lipids that are used for structural purposes in the cell membrane?
-Phospholipids
-Cholesterol
Phospholipid Function
Is what the cell membrane is made up of.
Cholesterol Function
A huge part that needs to be part of the diet; cholesterol = important (w/o it you would die).
Cholesterol has an important role in what?
Fluidity of cell membranes which allows certain materials in and out.
Cholesterol is what?
Basis for certain hormones.
Hormone do what?
Play a major role in endocrine system = Endocrine system runs the body.
What is a fifth function of lipids?
Vitamins and Hormones (Regulation of Biological Processes)
What is the function of Vitamin D?
A coenzyme
What type of environment do vitamins A, D, E, and K only function in?
A lipid environment
If there are no lipids, vitamins A, D, E, and K do not what?
Function
Vitamin D is in foods that we eat; if there are no lipids, is Vitamin D useful?
No, it is useless.
In the winter, Vitamin D is the only way to do what?
Maintain bones and tissues