Unit 3- Lesson 4: Logic and Reasoning Flashcards
A common way to convince and persuade others is to ____________, and our reasoning must be sound and logical.
reason with them
This is borne out of our experience that there is a constancy in the events of our life day in and day out – that night follows day, that the seas will never dry, and that at the end of the rainbow is a pot of gold.
Logic and Reasoning
As human beings, we have _______ that enable us to reason in a logical manner and create valid reasons, differentiating us from the lower forms of animals.
brains
It happens though that sometimes we err
in our ____________.
This maybe due to a host of ________ like
our emotional state, ignorance, biases,
and others.
reasoning
reasons
When this happens, we become _________ and
commit flawed reasoning.
In the realms of logic and reasoning, we commit ________.
__________ in general term is an error in reasoning.
vulnerable
fallacies
Fallacies
We all have committed using fallacies that are “deceptive or wrong arguments”
Who said this?
Espiritu, 2014
To avoid using fallacies, is to learn ___________ which includes understanding bad reasoning (Espiritu, 2014)
good reasoning
Instead of finding fault on the
claim, proposal, or argument the
arguer directs his attack on the
character, personality, or belief
of his opponent
Argumentum
against the
person
The arguer evades the real
conclusion in new words, making
the reasoning circular.
Argument that
goes in circle
The arguer draws a conclusion not
supported by the premises or fails
to include assumptions that
establish connections between
ideas.
Non sequitor or “It
does not follow”
Instead of presenting evidence or
good reasons, we use praise to get
what we want, to make other agree
with us, or to seek approval of our
arguments.
Argument that
uses flattery or
praise
One uses force or threat instead of
reason. The threat may be physical
or psychological.
Argument that
appeals to force or
threat
The arguer makes a conclusion
based on a few instances or even
from one single instance onlh.
From one sample, the arguer
makes a claim about the whole
population.
Hasty
generalization
This is arguing that because an
arguer cannot prove the argument to
be false; therefore, it is true.
Argument from
ignorance
The argument appeals to the beliefs
or prejudices of the crowd or masses.
It justifies that “might is right” and
“many people cannot be wrong”.
This is widely used in advertisements
and political campaigns.
Bandwagon
argument
Instead of presenting relevant and
strong evidence or reasons to support
our claim, we resort to evoking pity
or sympathy by pointing or referring
to an unfortunate circumstance that
has befallen us.
Appeal to pity
We argue that what is true of a whole
or class is true to every member
Fallacy of division
This fallacy is committed when we
cite the opinion or judgement of
someone who commands respect
and reverence but who is not a
recognized authority on the subjec
to who is prejudiced in some way.
We use that person’s reputation or
status, even though out of place, to
get support for our claim.
Appeal
unqualified (or
inappropriate
authority)
In this argument, instead of
addressing the matter under
consideration, the arguer
introduces an unrelated or
irrelevant matter to draw the
argument away from the real issue.
Red herring
The arguer contends or makes a
case on the belief that what is new
is good.
What is new is
good
