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Biology > Unit 3- infection and response > Flashcards

Unit 3- infection and response Flashcards

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1
Q

What are pathogens

A

Microorganisms that enter body and cause disease

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2
Q

What are the different types of pathogens

A

Bacteria, viruses, protists, fungi

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3
Q

What is bacteria infection

A

Small cells that produce toxins that damage your cells and tissues, can be killed using antibiotics

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4
Q

What are viruses

A

Not cells, they only reproduce in a host cell, when virus leaves the cell it can cause the cell to burst and die, cannot be killed by antibiotics

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5
Q

What are protists and parasites

A

Single celled eukaryotes.
Parasites live on or inside other organisms and can cause damage. They are often transferred by a vector (insect that carries the protist)

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6
Q

Ways pathogens can spread

A

Water, air , direct contact

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7
Q

What is fungi infections

A

Some are Single celled
Others have a body which is made up of hyphae this will grow and cause diseases

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8
Q

Examples of virus infections

A

Measles, HIV, tobacco mosaic viruses

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9
Q

Example of fungal disease

A

Rose black spot

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10
Q

What is measles

A

Spread by droplets from peoples cough or sneeze
Will develop a red rash
Can be fatal

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11
Q

What is HIV

A

Sexually transmitted disease

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12
Q

What is tobacco mosaic virus

A

Affects plant species
Causes a mosaic pattern on leaves of plant cause discolouration
Means photosynthesis is reduced therefore growth is also reduced

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13
Q

What is Rose black spot

A

Causes purple or black spots on leaves of rose plants
Means less photosynthesis
Spreads through wind and water

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14
Q

Example of protist disease

A

Malaria

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15
Q

What is malaria and what is the vector

A

Vector - mosquitos
Mosquito inserts parasite and infects the body
Can be fatal

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16
Q

Example of bacteria diseases

A

Salmonella, gonorrhoea

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17
Q

What is salmonella

A

food poisoning
Can suffer from vomiting diarrhoea and fever
Caused by toxins

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18
Q

What is gonorrhoea

A

Sexually transmissible disease
Treated with antibiotic like penicillin
Symptoms include discharge and pain when urinating

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19
Q

What happens when a pathogens enters the body

A

1)White blood cell will engulf foreign cells and digest them
2)white blood cells will then produce antibodies to lock onto invading cells ans destroy them
3)produce antitoxins

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20
Q

How does vaccination work

A

-inject a small amount of dead or inactive pathogens
-causes your body to produce antibodies to attack them
-so if the pathogen ever appears again the white blood cells can rapidly produce antibodies to kill off the pathogens

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21
Q

Pros and cons of vaccinations

A

Pros :
-helped control communicable diseases
-big outbreaks of diseases can be prevented if large percentage of population is vaccinated

Cons:
-don’t always work (don’t give your immunity )
-sometimes have a bad reaction to them (fever or seizures)

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22
Q

What do antibiotics do

A

Kill or prevent growth of the bacteria without killing your own body cells.
However they don’t destroy viruses (flu)

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23
Q

What are the stages of drug testing

A

-Drugs are tested on human cells and tissues
-test drug on live animals
-then tested on human volunteers in clinical trial

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24
Q

How does your nose and mucus help fight disease

A

Traps particles that could contain pathogens

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25
Q

What does the trachea and bronchi do to help prevent diseases

A

Produces mucus

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26
Q

What does the stomach do to prevent diseases

A

Produces hydrochloric acid that kills pathogens that enter stomach

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27
Q

What are monoclonal antibodies

A

Proteins that target specific cells

28
Q

What animal is used for monoclonal antibodies

A

Mouse

29
Q

What are antibodies produced by

A

White blood cells called Lymphocytes

30
Q

Steps of monoclonal antibody

A
  1. Mouse injected with antigen
  2. Collect lymphocytes from mouse that make a specific antibodies to antigen
  3. Lymphocytes are fused with tumour cell
  4. This will create a hybridoma
  5. Hybridoma cloned to create many cells that produce antibodies
31
Q

Explain how pregnancy tests work

A
  1. HCG is hormone found in urine of pregnant people
  2. Urine travels up stuck and over HCG specific monoclonal antibodies
  3. If HCG is present in urine it will bind to the antibodies and a colour change will occur indicating they are pregnant
32
Q

2 ways monoclonal antibodies can be used in diagnosis or treatment of cancer

A
  1. Locates cancer cells so they can be treated and removed
  2. Can block chemicals that cause the cancer to divide
33
Q

Disadvantages of monoclonal antibodies

A

Expensive, side effects

34
Q

What is a hybridoma

A

Cells created during monoclonal antibodies by the fusion of antibodies (specific lymphocytes and tumour cells)

35
Q

What plant was used as a pain killer

A

Willow Bark

36
Q

How does bacteria pathogens make us ill

A

Once inside human body they reproduce rapidly
They release harmful chemicals called toxins

37
Q

What do toxins do

A

Damage tissues and make us feel ill

38
Q

How to reduce spread of pathogens

A

-wash you hands before eating
-clean drinking water
-use a condom during sexual contact
-vaccination

39
Q

Symptoms of HIV

A

-flu like illness
-immune system becomes damaged so more likely to catch other infections
-patient may also develop cancer

40
Q

How is salmonella controlled in the UK

A

All chickens are vaccinated against salmonella which controls the spread

41
Q

Symptoms of malaria

A

Fever

42
Q

What is a vector

A

Something that carries the pathogen from one person to another

43
Q

Ways to stop spread of malaria

A

Stop mosquitoes breeding in still water so drain ponds
Sleep under mosquito net

44
Q

How does the skin prevent pathogens

A

-outer layer is made up of dead cells so difficult for pathogens to penetrate
-produces oily substance called sebum which kills bacteria

45
Q

How does the nose prevent pathogens entering body

A

Contain hair and mucus, these trap pathogens before entering breathing system

46
Q

How does the lungs prevent pathogens from harming us

A

Trachea and bronchi are covered in hairs called cilia
Cilia are covered in mucus which can trap pathogens

47
Q

Role of immune system

A

Destroys pathogens and any toxins produced
Protects us in case same type of pathogen invades us in the future

48
Q

What is the process of phagocytosis

A

White blood cells detect chemicals produced by pathogen and moves towards it
Then ingests pathogens
Enzymes in the phagocyte break down the pathogen and destroy it

49
Q

What are antibodies

A

Protein molecules produced by white blood cell

50
Q

Role of antibodies

A

Antibodies stick to pathogens which triggers pathogen to be destroyed
Can produce antitoxins which stick to toxin molecules and prevent them from damaging the cell

51
Q

What is a placebo

A

A tablet or injection with no active drug in it

52
Q

Uses of monoclonal antibodies

A

-can be used to detect a specific hormone like in pregnancy testing
-measure levels of hormones in blood
- detect pathogens in the blood
-locate specific cells or tissues

53
Q

Ways we can diagnose plant diseases

A

Discolouration,spots on leaves, stunted growth, decay or rot, malformed stems or leaves

54
Q

Ways to identify plant diseases

A

Take infected plant to a lab to identify pathogen
Use garden manual or website
Use testing kits containing monoclonal antibodies

55
Q

What does a lack of nitrate ion cause in plants

A

Stunted growth

56
Q

Why does a lack of nitrate ion cause stunted growth

A

Nitrate is needed for protein synthesis and therefore growth

57
Q

What does a lack of a magnesium ion cause in plants and why

A

Causes the condition chlorosis (leaves loose there green colour) because magnesium is required to make chlorophyll

58
Q

Why are some patients given a placebo

A

To compare effect of treatment versus no treatment

59
Q

What are the 2 types of tumours

A

Benign and malignant

60
Q

What are benign tumours

A

Growths of abnormal cells which are found in one area, usually contained within a membrane

61
Q

Main characteristic of a benign tumour

A

Do not invade other parts of the body they stay in one place

62
Q

Main characteristic of a malignant tumour

A

Malignant cells invade neighbouring tissues and move into bloodstream, they spread to different parts of the body and form new tumours, they are classed as a cancer

63
Q

What is a secondary tumour

A

When the malignant cells spread to new parts of the body they form secondary tumours

64
Q

Why do we do clinical tests before they can be used by public

A

-to check for side effects
-to check dosage
-to check it is safe

65
Q

How does salmonella cause vomiting and diarrhoea

A

Release toxins

Biology (6 decks)

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