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Biology > Unit 1- cell biology > Flashcards

Unit 1- cell biology Flashcards

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1
Q

Where is dna stored in bacteria cell

A

Plasmids

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2
Q

Magnification equation

A

Image size / real size

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3
Q

What is differentiation

A

When a cell becomes specialised for its job

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4
Q

Function of nerve cell

A

Carry electrical signals from one part of body to another

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5
Q

Function of muscle cell

A

To contract quickly

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6
Q

Function of root hair cell

A

Absorb water and minerals

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7
Q

Function of phloem and xylem

A

Transport substances such as food and water around plants

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8
Q

What is a stem cell

A

Undifferentiated cell

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9
Q

Where are adult stem cells found

A

Bone marrow

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10
Q

What may stem cells be able to do

A

Cure disease, replace faulty cells

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11
Q

Where are plant stem cells found

A

Meristem

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12
Q

What is mitosis

A

DNA is copied the cell then divides and produces two new daughter nuclei with exact same dna

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13
Q

What cells does mitosis take place

A

Eukaryotic cells

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14
Q

Why can embryonic stem cells treat more disorders that adult stem cells

A

Embryonic stem cells can develop into any stem cells although adult stem cells can only develop into particular ones

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15
Q

What is osmosis

A

Movement of water across partially permeable membrane from a dilute solution to a concentrated solution

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16
Q

What is diffusion

A

Spreading out of particles from high to low concentration

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17
Q

What is a partially permeable membrane

A

One with very small holes in it so only water can pass through

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18
Q

What is active transport

A

Substances (minerals )absorbed from a low to high concentration, needs energy from respiration to work

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19
Q

Where does active transport take place

A

Used in the gut and in root hair cells

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20
Q

How are exchange surfaces adapted to maximise effectiveness

A

Thin walls
Large surface area
Good blood supply

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21
Q

Where does plant diffusion take place

A

Stomata

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22
Q

What is the cell cycle

A

Makes cells for growth development and repair

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23
Q

Centimetres to micrometers

A

x 10,000

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24
Q

Similarities with eukaryotic and prokaryotic

A

Both contain chloroplasts
Both contain genetic material

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25
Q

Differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic

A

Prokaryotic have no nucleus
Prokaryotic have plasmids
Prokaryotic are smaller

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26
Q

One type of cell in a potato that does not contain chloroplasts

A

Root hair cell

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27
Q

Why did the potato piece salt solution decreased in mass

A

Water moved out of cell by osmosis
Because solution in potato is less concentrated than outside

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28
Q

Why is the cover slip at an angle for microscope RPA

A

To prevent air bubbles

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29
Q

How does mitosis form 2 genetically identical cells

A

Chromosomes pulled apart
DNA is copied
Two new nuclei form
Set of chromosomes are identical to one another

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30
Q

Cell that doesn’t contain nucleus

A

Bacteria, prokaryote , xylem

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31
Q

Reason for reduced number of deaths of malaria this year

A

Improved health care

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32
Q

Describe the transport of water through a plant from the roots to atmosphere

A

-water is transported in xylem
-water evaporates from leaves
-through stomata

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33
Q

Two reasons why water loss increased

A

It was warmer
It was windier

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34
Q

Evaluate use of mechanical and biological heart replacements

A

Mechanical:
-last longer
-bloods clots more likely
-have to take anti clotting medication
-medication can lead to excessive bleeding
-low percentage of deaths due to heart related problems

Biological :
-no medication required
-ethical issues
-valve may harden
-more likely to be rejected
- likely to need further operation

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35
Q

Explain how diabetes can cause the body to lose more water

A

Blood is more concentrated
So water moves out of cell by osmosis
Water moves across partially permeable membrane

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36
Q

How is small intestine adapted for absorption

A

-Villi provide large surface area
-capillaries are thin for short absorption distance
-small intestine is very long
-good blood supply to maintain concentration gradient
-cells have many mitochondria for aerobic respiration for active transport

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37
Q

Define double circulatory system

A

-Blood is pumped to the lungs by right side of the heart
And
-blood is pumped to the body by left side of heart

38
Q

Why does only having on ventricle make circulatory less efficient than having two ventricles

A

Oxygenated and deoxygenated blood mix
So less oxygen reaches body

39
Q

Type of cell that divides when a new gill grows

A

Stem cells

40
Q

One condition that could be treated by regenerated human tissue

A

Paralysis

41
Q

Which part of microscope is used to change magnification

A

The objective lense

42
Q

Function of cell membrane

A

Determine what goes in and our of cell

43
Q

Function of cell wall

A

Important for structure

44
Q

Function of cytoplasm

A

Where most chemical reactions take place in the cell

45
Q

Function of nucleus

A

Where dna is stored

46
Q

Differences between plant cell and animal cell

A

Plant cell contains cell wall, vacuole and chloroplasts and animal cell doesn’t

47
Q

Main different characteristics of a bacterial cell

A

Contains a flagellum which helps assist the cell in movement

48
Q

Uses of stem cells

A

-Treating Parkinson’s- growing new brain cells
-Organ failure- growing new organs/ parts of organs
-bone and spinal injury ( grow new bone cells )

49
Q

Name the blood vessel that carries blood towards heart

A

Vein

50
Q

What is a eukaryotic cell

A

Contain their genetic material enclosed in a cell examples include animal and plant cells

51
Q

What is a prokaryotic cell

A

The genetic material is not enclosed in a nucleus (examples include bacterial cell)

52
Q

What is the size of a typical human cell

A

10-20 micrometers

53
Q

Centimetres to nanometers

A

x10,000,000

54
Q

Function of mitochondria

A

Where aerobic respiration occurs

55
Q

Function of sperm cell

A

Join with an egg cell (fertilisation)

56
Q

How are sperm cells adapted

A

Long tail which allows them to swim to the ovum
They are also streamlined to make this easier
Lots of mitochondria to produce lots of energy needed to swim
Contain enzymes which allow them to digest their way through the outer layer of the ovum

57
Q

Adaptations of a nerve cell

A

Axon carries the electrical pulses from one part of the body to another
End of action synopses which allows impulses to jump from one nerve cell to another
Dendrites which increase the surface area so that other nerve cells can connect easier

58
Q

Adaptations of a muscle cell

A

-contain protein fibres which can change their length
-packed with mitochondria to provide energy for muscle contraction
-work together to form muscle tissue

59
Q

Function of a vacuole

A

Filled with cell sap to help keep the cell turgid

60
Q

Adaptation of a root hair cell

A

Hairs help increase the surface area so can absorb water and minerals more effectively
Do not contain chloroplasts

61
Q

Why cant a root hair cell photosynthesise

A

Don’t contain chloroplasts because they are underground so sunlight doesn’t reach them

62
Q

Where are xylem cells found in the plant

A

In the plant stem

63
Q

Adaptations of a xylem cell

A

Thick walls containing lignin which provides the plant support
Made of dead cells
No nucleus, cytoplasm, vacuole or chloroplasts
Hollow

64
Q

Adaptations of a phloem cell

A

No nucleus and limited cytoplasm
The end walls of the cell have pores which allows dissolved sugars to move through the cell interior
Made of living cells

65
Q

What is binary fission

A

One bacterial cell splits into two bacterial cell
Bacteria can carry out binary fission once every 20 minutes as long as there is enough nutrients and the temp is suitable

66
Q

How to calculate number of bacteria produced during binary fission

A

Number of bacteria = 2 to the power of the number of rounds of division

67
Q

Functions of mitosis

A
  1. Essential for growth and development of multicellular organisms (plants and animals)
  2. Mitosis takes place when an organism repairs itself (when a broken bone heals)
68
Q

Name of a cell that has not differentiated

A

Early embryonic cell

69
Q

Bits of equipment used to prepare cell for magnification

A

A slide, dye

70
Q

Features of a red blood cell

A

Has no nucleus
No cell wall
Biconcave
Contains haemoglobin
no chloroplasts
No vacuole
Contains cytoplasm, cell membrane

71
Q

What is human body temperature

A

37 degrees

72
Q

How to calculate total magnification

A

Magnification of eye piece x magnification of objective lens

73
Q

How to create magnification scale

A

Place clear ruler over stage
Measure diameter of field of view
Show this on our drawing using a scale bar

74
Q

How do you avoid contamination when making agar plate

A
  1. Sterilise all pétri dishes
  2. Pass incubating loop through Bunsen Burner
  3. Attach lid using adhesive tape to stop microorganisms from entering
75
Q

What do you call the region where bacteria has not grown

A

Zone of inhibition

76
Q

What are bacteria transferred using in the bacteria RPA

A

Inoculating loop

77
Q

What temperature should we incubate bacteria in school and why not at 37 like in labs

A

25 degrees as this reduces chance that harmful bacteria will grow, 37 degrees is human body temperature so it will grow best then

78
Q

How to work out zone of inhibition

A

Pi x R squared

79
Q

Why is distilled water used not tap water in osmosis RPA

A

Distilled water no other substances as they could affect the rate of osmosis

80
Q

What is a cork borer used for in osmosis RPA

A

To make all the cylinders the same diameter

81
Q

Grams to milligrams

A

X1000

82
Q

Advantages of sexual reproduction

A

-Produces variation in the offspring
-The species can adapt to new environments due to variation, which gives them a survival advantage
-A disease is less likely to affect all the individuals in a population

83
Q

What is asexual reproduction

A

Only one parent is needed in asexual reproduction
There is no fusion of gametes so genetic material does not mix

84
Q

What is sexual reproduction

A

Two parents are needed in sexual reproduction
During this process the nuclei of the male and female gametes are fused in order to create a zygote. This process is known as fertilisation

85
Q

Advantages of asexual reproduction

A

-the population can increase rapidly when the conditions are favourable
-only one parent is needed
-it is more time and energy efficient as you don’t need a mate
-it is faster than sexual reproduction

86
Q

Disadvantages of sexual reproduction

A

-time and energy are needed to find a mate
-it is not possible for an isolated individual

87
Q

Disadvantages of asexual reproduction

A

-it does not lead to variation in a population
-the species may only be suited to one habitat
-disease may affect all the individuals in a population

88
Q

Differences between asexual and sexual

A

Sexual involves fertilisation, asexual does not
Sexual requires more energy, asexual does not
Sexual is slower, asexual is faster

89
Q

Why does red blood cell burst but plant cell does not

A

Water has entered cell by osmosis however plants cell has cell wall which prevents it from bursting

90
Q

Differences between process of mitosis and meiosis

A

Mitosis produces 2 daughter cells but meiosis produces 4 daughter cells
One cell division in mitosis but 2 in meiosis
Meiosis produces haploid cells mitosis forms diploid cells

91
Q

Similarly between meiosis and mitosis

A

Both copy DNA

Biology (6 decks)

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