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Biology > Unit 2- organisation > Flashcards

Unit 2- organisation Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is an enzyme

A

A catalyst which increases the speed of reaction without being changed or used up

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2
Q

Different parts of an enzyme

A

Active site, substrate

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3
Q

What happens if an enzyme gets too hot/

A

Bonds holding enzyme together will break, changes shape of enzymes active site so substrate won’t fit any more, enzyme is now denatured

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4
Q

What breaks down starch and what does it turn into

A

Amylase, simple sugars

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5
Q

What breaks down protein and what does it turn into

A

Protease, amino acids

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6
Q

What breaks down lipids (fats) and what does it turn into

A

Lipase , glycerol and fatty acids

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7
Q

Where is amylase made

A

Salivary glands, pancreas, small intestine

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8
Q

Where is protease made?

A

Stomach, pancreas, small intestine

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9
Q

Where is lipase produced

A

Pancreas, small intestine

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10
Q

Function of bile

A

Neutralises stomach acid (as it is alkaline) and emulsifies fat, increases rate of lipid digestion

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11
Q

Where is bile produced

A

Liver

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12
Q

Where is bile stored

A

Gall bladder

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13
Q

Function of stomach

A

Produce hydrochloric acid, pummels food with muscular walls

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14
Q

What does hydrochloric acid do

A

Kill bacteria, gives right PH for protease enzyme

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15
Q

Test for sugars (glucose)

A

Benedict’s

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16
Q

What colour will sugar turn in food test

A

Yellow/orange/red

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17
Q

What is the test for starch and what colour will it go

A

Iodine, blue black

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18
Q

What is the test for protein and colour does it turn

A

Biuret, purple

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19
Q

What is the test for lipids and colour does it turn

A

Sudan III, bright red

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20
Q

Where is the lungs

A

In the thorax

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21
Q

Name parts of the lungs

A

Trachea (windpipe), bronchus , alveoli, intercostal muscles, diaphragm

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22
Q

What is the function of alveoli

A

Carry’s out gas exchange from high to low concentration

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23
Q

Function of valves

A

Prevent back flow of blood

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24
Q

4 chambers of the heart

A

Right atrium , right ventricle, left atrium , left ventricle

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25
Q

Function of arteries .

A

Carry blood under pressure away from heart

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26
Q

Function of capillaries

A

Supply oxygen and food and take away waste like co2

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27
Q

Function of veins

A

Carry blood to heart

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28
Q

Characteristics of an artery

A

High pressure, thick muscular walls, small lumen

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29
Q

Characteristics of capillaries

A

One cell think walls, very small lumen

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30
Q

Characteristics of veins

A

Low pressure, valves, large lumen

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31
Q

Function of red blood cells, how are they adapted

A

Carry oxygen= biconcave shape , large surface area, contain haemoglobin

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32
Q

Function of white blood cells

A

Defend against infection, engulf unwelcome microorganisms, ingest the pathogens, produce antibodies, do have a nucleus

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33
Q

Function of platelets

A

Help blood clot, no nucleus

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34
Q

What are platelets

A

Small fragments of cells

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35
Q

Function of plasma

A

Carries many substances such as co2, glucose, proteins, antibodies

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36
Q

What is coronary heart disease

A

When the coronary arteries that supply blood to heart gets blocked by layers of fatty material building up, arteries will then become narrower so blood flow is restricted and there’s a lack of oxygen to heart

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37
Q

What are stents

A

Tubes that are inserted inside arteries, they keep them open so blood can pass through and the heart will remain beating

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38
Q

Advantages and disadvantages of stents

A

Effective for long time , quick recovery time
Rick of infection during surgery, risk of patient developing blood clot near stent

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39
Q

What are statins

A

Drugs that Reduces cholesterol in the blood so arteries are at less risk of being blocked

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40
Q

Advantages and disadvantages of statins

A

A- reduce risk of strokes/heart attacks, may also prevent other diseases
D- long term drug that must be taken regularly, negative side effects (headaches, kidney failure)

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41
Q

What are artificial hearts

A

Mechanical devices that pump blood for a person who’s heart has failed, usually temporary

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42
Q

Advantages + disadvantages of artificial heart

A

A- less likely to be rejected
D- can lead to bleeding and infection

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43
Q

What is a communicable disease

A

Those that spread from person to person. Measles and malaria are examples

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44
Q

What are non communicable diseases

A

are those that cannot spread between people, usually last longer and get worse slowly. Asthma, cancer and coronary heart disease is an example

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45
Q

Risk factors for non communicable diseases

A

Consumption of alcohol, smoking/ drugs, exposure to certain substances or radiation

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46
Q

What is cancer caused by

A

Uncontrolled cell growth and division

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47
Q

Function of palisade mesophyll

A

Part of leaf where photosynthesis happens

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48
Q

Function of spongy mesophyll

A

Contains big spaces to allows gases to diffuse in and out of cell

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49
Q

Function of epidermal layer

A

Waxy cuticle so helps reduce water loss

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50
Q

Function of upper epidermis

A

Transparent so light can pass through to palisade layer

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51
Q

Function of phloem

A

Transport dissolved sugars process is called translocation

52
Q

Function of xylem cells

A

Carry water and mineral ions from roots to stem and leave, called transpiration stream

53
Q

What is transpiration

A

Is the loss water caused by evaporation and diffusion in the leaves

54
Q

Factors affecting transpiration

A

Light intensity , air flow, humidity

55
Q

Function of guard cells

A

Open and close stomata so gases can be exchanged for photosynthesis

56
Q

Where is protein digested in human digestive system

A

Stomach

57
Q

Describe how and where starch is broken down

A
  • Broken down into maltose by enzyme amylase
  • salivary glands release saliva containing amylase into the mouth for digestion
    -amylase is also made in the pancreas and gets released into the small intestine where starch can further be digested
58
Q

Stage 1 of cell cycle

A

DNA is replicated to form to form copies of each chromosome and mitochondria is increased

59
Q

Stage 2 of cell cycle

A

Chromosomes pulled and moved to each end of the cell, the nucleus also divides

60
Q

Stage 3 of cell cycle

A

Cytoplasm and cell membrane divide to form two identical cells

61
Q

Function of liver

A

Produces bile which emulsifies fat and makes enzymes the correct PH

Gets rid of lactic acid as this could be the poisonous to the body

Removed toxins which are poisonous to body

62
Q

Types of defences responses

A

Mechanical (thorns and hairs) and chemical (poisonous berries)

63
Q

What enzyme works in the stomach

A

Protease

64
Q

Apart from digestion what is another function of hydrochloric acid in the stomach

A

To kill pathogen

65
Q

What smaller molecules are enzymes made of

A

Amino acids

66
Q

Explain how lock and key theory works

A

-Substrate binds to the active site of the enzyme
-because the shape of the active site and substrate fit together
-a chemical reaction occurs to produce smaller molecules

67
Q

Advantage of a double circulatory system

A

Blood can travel rapidly to the body cells delivering oxygen that they need

68
Q

What does the heart mostly consist of

A

Muscle tissue

69
Q

How many chambers does the heart have

A

4

70
Q

Function of vena cava

A

Brings in deoxygenated blood from the body

71
Q

How does the blood get from the heart to the lungs

A

Pulmonary artery

72
Q

What pumps the blood from the heart to the body

A

Aorta

73
Q

Why does the left side of the heart have thicker more muscular walls

A

The left ventricle pumps blood around the entire body so it needs to supply a greater force

74
Q

Purpose of the coronary arteries

A

Provide oxygen to the muscle cells of the heart

75
Q

Where are the coronary arteries

A

Branch out of the aorta and spread out into the heart muscle

76
Q

What is the natural resting heart rate controlled by

A

The pacemaker

77
Q

Function of stomata

A

Allow co2 to diffuse into plant but water may diffuse out of of the gap as well

78
Q

Function and adaptation of a leaf

A

Lots of air gaps between cells so gas can easily diffuse through to next layer

79
Q

Function and adaptation of palisade mesophyll

A

Site of photosynthesis, contain lots of chloroplasts

80
Q

Function and adaptation of palisade mesophyll

A

Site of photosynthesis, contain lots of chloroplasts

81
Q

Function and adaptation of the upper epidermis layer

A

Cells are almost transparent to allow sunlight to get through to chloroplasts

82
Q

Why does the top layer have a waxy cuticle layer

A

To prevent water loss

83
Q

Compare the function of the xylem and phloem tissue

A

Function = the xylems role is to transport water or mineral ions, the phloems role is to transport dissolved sugars. The xylem is involved in transpiration. The phloem is involved in translocation

84
Q

Compare the structure of a xylem and a phloem cell

A

The xylem is made of dead cells however the phloem is made of living cells.
Xylem does not contain chloroplasts and the phloem do contain chloroplasts
Xylem contain lignin however phloem doesn’t not contain lignin. They are both made of cells
Phloem cells have pores xylem cells do not.
Xylem does not contain cytoplasm but phloem does

85
Q

Name the cell that controls the rate of water loss

A

Guard cells

86
Q

Why is the rate of water loss at midnight lower than at 12:00

A

Stomata are closed because there’s no light

87
Q

Why is the rate of water loss at midnight lower than at 12:00

A

Stomata are closed because there’s no light

88
Q

Why is the rate of water loss at midnight lower than at 12:00

A

Stomata are closed because there is no light

89
Q

type of drug that would decrease the level of cholesteral in persons blood

A

Statins

90
Q

Definition of health

A

State of physical and mental well being

91
Q

Physical defence systems of plants

A

Contain a cell wall made of cellulose which is hard to penetrate
Leaves contain layer called waxy cuticle which is also difficult to penetrate
Bark is a barrier to microorganisms

92
Q

Chemical defence systems in plants

A

-Release antibacterial chemicals which kill bacteria and prevent them attacking plant
-release poisons to deter herbivores from grazing on plant

93
Q

Mechanical defence systems of plants

A

-Sharp thorns directly protect plant from being eaten by a herbivore
-hairs which irritate mouths making plant difficult to eat
-mimicry (dead nettle looks like it may be a stinging nettle but actually has no sting)

94
Q

What will scientists have to do to kill the development of new strains

A

New antibiotics

95
Q

What is a tissue

A

A group of cells with a similar structure and function

96
Q

What is an organ

A

Group of tissues working together for a specific function

97
Q

What is an organ system

A

Group of organs working together

98
Q

What is the process of digestion

A

Large food molecules are broken down into small molecules by enzymes. The small molecules are absorbed into the bloodstream

99
Q

Function of mouth in digestive system

A

Food is chewed, Amylase in the saliva digest the starch into smaller sugar molecules

100
Q

Function of stomach in digestive system

A

Protease begins the digestion of proteins, hydrochloric acid helps enzymes digest proteins churning action of stomach muscles turns food into a fluid increasing the surface area for enzymes to digest

101
Q

Function of pancreas during digestion

A

Releases amylase, protease and lipase

102
Q

What happens in the small intestine to the food molecules

A

Small food molecules are absorbed by the bloodstream either by diffusion or active transport

103
Q

Role of large intestine in digestive system

A

Where water is absorbed

104
Q

What does a lipid molecule consist of

A

Consist of a molecule of glycerol attached to three molecules of fatty acids

105
Q

What happens if Ph is too high or low for an enzyme to work

A

The active site denatures if conditions are too acidic or alkaline, this means the substrate won’t fit and so cannot become broken down

106
Q

How to make a food sample

A

Grind up the food using a mortar and oestre to make a paste, add distilled water to paste and stir so chemicals dissolve in water , filter solution to remove food particles

107
Q

What colour is iodine solution and how many drops should you add to your food solution roughly

A

Orange, a few (3)

108
Q

What colour is Benedict’s solution and how many drops should you add to your food sample roughly

A

Blue , 10

109
Q

Negative of Benedict’s test

A

Only work for certain sugars (glucose)

110
Q

Method for Benedict’s test

A

-add 10 drops of Benedict’s solution
-place test tube into a beaker containing hot water from kettle
-Leave for 5 mins

111
Q

What colour is the biuret solution

A

Blue

112
Q

Why should you not filter lipids before testing

A

Lipids can stick to filter paper

113
Q

Process of testing for lipids

A

Do not filter solution
Add distilled water and ethanol to food sample
Shake

114
Q

Danger for ethanol in lipids test

A

Make sure no flames present as ethanol is flammable

115
Q

Risk factors for cardiovascular diseases

A

-diet = a high fat and low vegetables increases cholesterol in blood, high salt diet can increase blood pressure
-smoking = also increases risk for lung cancer

116
Q

Effects of smoking on an unborn baby

A

Risk of miscarriage or premature birth or underweight baby

117
Q

Effects of drinking alcohol on unborn baby

A

Causes fatal alcohol syndrome which can cause learning difficulties or disabilities

118
Q

Effects of drinking alcohol on adults

A

Increase risk of liver cirrhosis and liver cancer
Lead to memory loss and addiction

119
Q

Risk factors of type 2 diabetes

A

Lead to blindness or require amputation of limb
Obese people have much bigger risk of developing type 2 diabetes

120
Q

Natural risk factors of cancer

A

-Radon in your system can develop lung cancer

121
Q

Risk factors for cancer

A

-smoking (lung cancer)
-genetic (breast cancer)
-UV light (skin cancer)
-alcohol (throat cancer)

122
Q

Adaptation of the trachea during gas exchange

A

Rings of cartilage prevent the trachea from collapsing during inhalation

123
Q

Adaptations of alveoli for gas exchange

A

-millions of alveoli mean that the lungs have a large surface area
-thin walls so diffusion path is shorter
-good blood supply which mean concentration gradient is as steep as possible

124
Q

What is epidemiology

A

Studying the patterns of disease to determine risk factors

125
Q

What is causal mechanism

A

When scientists look for a possible mechanism by which the factor could be the likely cause.

126
Q

Where in the heart is the pacemaker found

A

Right atrium

127
Q

Explain lock and key theory

A

Substrate binds to active site of enzyme
Because shape of active sit and substrate are complimentary
Chemical reaction occurs to produce smaller molecules

Biology (6 decks)

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