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Geograghy > Unit 3 - Human Environment: Settlement change > Flashcards

Unit 3 - Human Environment: Settlement change Flashcards

1
Q

Define Settlement?

A

A place where people live. A settlement can range from one an isolated building to a capital city of over 20 million people (e.g. Mexico City).

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2
Q

Define Site

A

The actual location or place that a settlement is built.

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3
Q

Define Situation

A

The area surrounding the site of a settlement. For example you might talk about if the settlement is near a river, or near the coast or in a valley surrounded by mountains.

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4
Q

define Urban

A

The built up area, any city with a population of 10,000 people or more.

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5
Q

define Rural

A

Basically the countryside (everywhere outside urban areas). Rural areas maybe farmland, forest, desert or savanna depending on where you are in the world. Rural areas do contain small settlements of less than 10,000 people e.g. hamlets and villages.

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6
Q

define MEDC

A

More economically developed country. Basically a richer country e.g. US, Japan or UK

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7
Q

Define LEDC

A

Less economically developed country. Basically a poorer country e.g. Honduras, Uganda or Bangladesh

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8
Q

What are rural settlements?

A

Settlements that are found in the countryside (rural areas) and contain less than 10,000 residents.

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9
Q

What is a urban settlement?

A

Settlements that contain more than 10,000 residents.

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10
Q

Isolated building?

A

A single building. An isolated building is normally a farm.

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11
Q

Hamlet?

A

A small group of houses, normally about 5 to 10. There is often no services in a hamlet.

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12
Q

Village?

A

A settlement of up to 10,000 people. Villages will have some services in them like small shops, a primary school, a doctors surgery, bus routes.

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13
Q

Town?

A

A settlement of over 10,000 people that has not be designated a city.

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14
Q

City?

A

A large town, in the UK a town becomes a city when it has a cathedral in it.

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15
Q

Capital city?

A

The main administrative centre within a country and the home of the national government.

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16
Q

Primate city?

A

The largest and most important city within a country. The primate city will often have double the population of the next most important city. Most of the time the primate city is also the capital city, but there are some famous exceptions e.g. New York, Sydney and Sao Paolo.

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17
Q

Conurbation?

A

Two or more towns or cities that have joined to together e.g. Birmingham, Walsall, Dudley and Wolverhampton in England.

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18
Q

Megalopolis?

A

A conurbation or a clustering of cities with a population of over 10 million people e.g. Tokyo.

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19
Q

When the sites of settlement were first chosen, settlers would mainly have looked for natural advantages. These may have included:

A 
Water supply
Fertile land
Flat land (relief)
Defensive position
Building materials
transport links
Fuel
Weather
trade locations
Resources
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20
Q

The five main settlement patterns that you need to be able to recognize: Isolated?

A

Singly buildings on their own. These will normally be found in mountainous areas and will normally be the farmhouse of a large farm.

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21
Q

The five main settlement patterns that you need to be able to recognize: Dispersed?

A

When individual buildings are separated by several hundred meetings. They are individual isolated buildings and do not form a single settlement.

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22
Q

The five main settlement patterns that you need to be able to recognize: Loose knit?

A

When houses are built near each other and are obviously in the same settlement, but there is spaces between them.

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23
Q

The five main settlement patterns that you need to be able to recognize: Linear or Ribbon?

A

This is a settlement that has grown in a line. The line doesn’t have to be straight, but will normally follow a road, a river, the coast or the valley floor.

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24
Q

The five main settlement patterns that you need to be able to recognize: Nucleated?

A

When all the houses in a settlement are built very close together, often around a central village green or church.

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25
Q

Causes of settlement Dispersion?

A
  • Mountainous areas that are hard to build on and hard to build good transport links to.
  • Severe weather conditions e.g. extremely hot or cold or wet.
  • Mainly farm land
  • Floodplain or coastal area that is vulnerable to flooding
  • Only limited natural resources
  • No job prospects
  • No nearby schools and hospitals
  • No electricity supply
  • No entertainment
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26
Q

Causes of settlement Nucleation?

A
  • Good transport links (road, rail, river)
  • Good fertile land nearby to grow food.
  • Flat land, that is easy to build on
  • Stable weather that is good for growing.
  • Nearby natural resources e.g. fuel
  • Good job prospects
  • Good schools and hospitals
  • Good and reliable supply of electricity, gas and water.
  • Varied entertainment
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27
Q

The job, purpose or use of a settlement. Large settlements will have more than one function and these functions may change over time. Functions may include:

A
  • Shopping (Retail)
  • Business (Commercial)
  • Farming (Agricultural)
  • Housing (Residential)
  • Educational
  • Healthcare
  • Administration (local or -national government)
  • Fishing
  • Tourism
  • Entertainment
  • Sporting
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28
Q

Functions in rural areas(services)?

A

Rural areas tend to have a lot less functions than urban areas. The main purpose of settlements in rural areas is normally agriculture (farming) and possibly tourism. This is because rural areas have less people, poorer transport, poorer communication, less technology and the land is better used for other purposes i.e. agriculture.

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29
Q

Functions in urban areas(services)?

A

Urban areas tend to have a lot more functions ranging from shopping functions, to educational functions, to transport functions, to administrative functions and residential functions. The bigger the urban area, the more functions that it normally has.

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30
Q

Hierarchy?

A

Placing things in an order of importance.

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31
Q

Sphere of Influence?

A

The distance or area people travel from to access a service i.e. the area served by a settlement or service.

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32
Q

Services?

A

Facilities that are offered to people e.g. supermarket, cinema, school or train station. Services have a threshold population, which helps explain why bigger settlements have more services.

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33
Q

Range?

A

This usually refers to the number of different services e.g. a school, a post office, etc. It can also refer to the distance people travel to access a service or settlement.

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34
Q

Threshold Population?

A

The minimum amount of people required for a service to be offered and remain open.

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35
Q

Low Order Goods (Convenience)?

A

Goods that people buy every day. They don’t usually cost much money and people would not normally travel far to buy them e.g. bread and milk.

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36
Q

The hierarchy(Placing things in an order of importance.) of a settlement normally depends on three variable?

A
  • The size of population
  • The range and number of services
  • The sphere of influence
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37
Q

CBD?

A

The Central Business District. This the area in the middle of urban areas where there tends to be a concentration of retail and commercial land uses.

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38
Q

Transition zone?

A

The area between the CBD and the largely residential suburbs. Traditionally this used to be an area of industry, but as industry has relocated these areas are being regenerated into mixed land use areas including houses, shops and entertainment.

39
Q

Suburbs?

A

The ares near the edge of the urban area that has a concentration of residential land use. There will also be some recreational land use within the suburbs and possibly some retail and educational.

40
Q

Rural-urban fringe?

A

This is the boundary between the urban area and the rural area (countryside). This area is demand by multiple land users e.g. agriculture, recreational, residential, retail, industrial. The large demand can often lead to conflict.

41
Q

Commuter belt or Commuter villages (dormitory villages)?

A

Areas of residential land use where people travel from to their work place. People might access services near their place of work so commuter villages are often devoid of any other land uses or services.

42
Q

Greenfield Site?

A

Land that has never been built on before, greenfield sites will often be used for agriculture. Many countries are trying to restrict the amount of building on greenfield sites and encouraging building on brownfield sites.

43
Q

Brownfield Site?

A

This is land that has been built on previously but has been left abandoned and often become derelict. Most commonly brownfield sites are former factories found in the transition zone.

44
Q

Derelict?

A

Land that has been abandoned (no longer used) and often become run down or vandalised. Derelict sites is a sign of disinvestment (companies and people leaving an area).

45
Q

Greenbelt?

A

Greenbelts are protected areas of land around large urban areas. They have been used by the UK government to try and protect greenfield sites and promote building on brownfield sites.

46
Q

Housing Density?

A

The number of houses per km2.

47
Q

Urban Sprawl or Urban Growth?

A

The spread or growth of an urban area into the rural-urban fringe.

48
Q

Commercial uses of land?

A

This is businesses, mainly offices. The main commercial area will normally be in the CBD.

49
Q

Residential uses of land?

A

This is housing and is where people live. Apartment type housing is found near the CBD and bigger houses towards the suburbs.

50
Q

Industrial use of land?

A

This is factories, traditionally found in the transition zone, they are now more likely to be found in the rural-urban fringe.

51
Q

Agricultural uses of land?

A

This farming and is obviously normally found in rural areas although some cities may have some small urban farms.

52
Q

Recreational uses of land?

A

Any activity that people do in their spare time. This land use may include golf courses, football pitches, museums, sports centres and tennis courts.

53
Q

Recreational uses of land?

A

Any activity that people do in their spare time. This land use may include golf courses, football pitches, museums, sports centres and tennis courts.

54
Q

Educational uses of land?

A

Any building connected to education e.g. libraries, schools and universities. This land use may be found anywhere in urban areas.

55
Q

Rural-urban fringe?

A

The boundary between the urban area (towns and cities) and the rural area (countryside).

56
Q

Because so many people want to work and live in the rural-urban fringe, different groups frequently come into conflict over how to use it. Groups that may come into conflict include:

A
  • House developers
  • House buyers
  • Farmers
  • Hikers and cyclists
  • Road builders
  • Factories
  • Supermarkets
  • Business or science parks
57
Q

What is council housing?

A

This is government housing which is usually given to people that are unemployed and have a low income. The rent on council houses are lower than the rent on private property.

58
Q

What is Detached Housing?

A

A single house that is not attached to any other house. A detached house will normally have a garden and a drive. These types of houses are normally found in the suburbs.

59
Q

What is Semi-Detached Housing?

A

Two houses that are joined together. They will probably have individual gardens and drives. These types of houses are normally found in the suburbs.

60
Q

What is Terraced housing?

A

A long line of attached houses. These are typical in old industrial cities of the UK. They are normally found in the transition zone area and they would have been housing for people working in the factories. They were very basic houses, often with no electricity and an outside toilet. Many have now been knocked down or improved.

61
Q

What is Terraced housing?

A

A long line of attached houses. These are typical in old industrial cities of the UK. They are normally found in the transition zone area and they would have been housing for people working in the factories. They were very basic houses, often with no electricity and an outside toilet. Many have now been knocked down or improved.

62
Q

What is a Bungalow?

A

This is a house with only one floor. They are very popular amongst old people who find it hard to use stairs. Bungalows can be detached or semi-detached. They are normally found in the suburbs.

63
Q

Flats or Apartments?

A

These are buildings with multiple levels. Normally a flat or apartment will only be on one floor within the block of flats or the apartment building.

64
Q

What is Tenure housing?

A

This means who owns the house. Houses can be owner occupied, which means the people living their own it, council houses which means the government own its, privately rented, which means a private landlord (owner) owns it, or owned by a private organisation (housing association) and rented privately.

65
Q

Even though the UK population is fairly stable the demand for houses has increased. The reasons for this include:

A
  • Family sizes are now smaller, so the average number of people per house is lower
  • There are more divorces and single people so more houses are needed
  • People tend to leave home younger so need their own houses
  • Many migrants are single and need there own house
  • People are getting married later, so need there own house for longer.
  • A lot of old houses are considered to be uninhabitable (no bathroom, etc.)
  • Old people are choosing to live on their own instead of moving to their family or moving into a care home.
66
Q

Because of urban sprawl and because the loss of greenfield sites is such a big problem, many suggestions have been given to solve the problem, including:

A

Greenbelts
Urban wedges
Brownfield sites
Housing density

67
Q

What is a greenbelt?

A

A greenbelt is an area of land around urban areas that is protected from development. Greenbelts were first started in the UK in the 1930’s and now there are 14 greenbelts around all major urban areas. The idea is to stop greenfield sites being built on and alternative like brownfield sites being used.

68
Q

What is a urban wedge?

A

Some planners have suggested that urban growth should be allowed to take place in wedges. By building in wedges from the CBD it will ensure that some greens areas are protected near the CBD and throughout the city. This time of planning has been used in several Danish cities.

69
Q

What is a brownfield site?

A

The UK government has set targets for the use of brownfield sites. They want over 60% of new houses to be built on them, therefore protecting rural areas. However, many brownfield sites are heavily polluted, increasing the cost of construction and there are shortages of brownfield sites in areas where demand for houses is greatest. For example the south east of the UK where demand is high there is a shortage of brownfield sites.

70
Q

Advantages of Greenfield sites?

A
  • The land has never been used before so is not polluted
  • Greenfield sites are often near the rural-urban fringe where transport links are good
  • There is often less congestion near the rural-urban fringe
  • You can normally choose the size of your site and ensure that there is room to expand.
  • Developers will find it easier selling houses, offices, etc. near the rural-urban fringe because this is where the demand is.
71
Q

Advantages of Brownfield sites?

A
  • The land is often cheap to buy because it has been used before
  • Many brownfield sites are located near the CBD.
  • Government policy is to build more on brownfield sites.
  • People are more likely to be able to access the site by public transport because it is near the CBD
72
Q

Disadvantages of Greenfield sites?

A
  • You may come into conflict with other land users
  • Many greenfield sites are now protected by the government
  • The sites might be less accessible by public transport
  • There maybe public protests when trying to build on greenfield sites.
73
Q

Disadvantages of brownfield sites?

A
  • The land is often polluted so it is expensive to clean-up
  • Brownfield sites are not always located where you want them
  • Brownfield sites don’t always have room to expand
  • Brownfield sites are not always the shape that you want them to be.
74
Q

Advantages of retail in CBD

A
  • Most public transport links (trains, subways and buses) tend to head towards CBDs
  • There are many nice buildings in the CBD, giving the area much more character.
  • There are often other associated services that you can visit at the same time e.g. banks, restaurants, post offices or even libraries.
75
Q

What are the advantages of locating retail on the Rural - urban Fringe?

A

There is plenty of land in the rural-urban fringe so shopping centres are able to expand
Because of the availability of land (often flat and easy to build on) rents are normally cheaper.
The extra land allows shopping centres to build more car parking spaces.
There are often main roads near the rural-urban fringe so it is easy to access the shopping centres in cars.
It is possible to make the shopping centres very large and put them all under one roof, eliminating any issues of bad weather
It is easier for the shopping centres to receive deliveries.

76
Q

What are the disadvantages of locating Retail in the CBD

A
  • There is often a shortage of space, so shops and shopping centres are unable to expand.
  • Because of the shortage of space, land is very expensive, making shop rents very high.
  • Roads leading to the CBD are often small and not designed for cars.
  • There is limited parking in the CBD.
  • Some CBDs have a lot of derelict buildings and high crime rates which scares potential customers visiting the area.
  • Because of the small roads, deliveries may be hard and delayed
77
Q

Disadvantages of locating Retail in the Rural - Urban Fringe?

A

Customers without cars may find it hard to access shopping malls in the rural-urban fringe. However, some will develop public transport links (buses and even trains).
It can cause environmental damage as greenfield sites are destroyed in the rural-urban fringe.
Although the new shopping centre may create new jobs, other jobs may be lost in the CBD as other shopping areas are forced to go out of business.
It encourages greater use of the car, furthering congestion and pollution

78
Q

Advantages to local residents in Rural - Urban fringe?

A

New public transport links may be developed
There will be new facilities that local residents can access and use
Local residents may get jobs in the new shopping centre.
The shopping centre may pull more people into the area and may benefit existing services, possibly owned by local residents (positive multiplier effect).

79
Q

Disadvantages to local residents in rural - urban fringe?

A

There will be an increase in congestion as more people travel to shopping centre by car.
The shopping centres may create noise, air and visual pollution all affecting local residents (negative externality)
Shopping centres may destroy greenfield sites that have previously been used and enjoyed by local residents.

80
Q

Urbanisation?

A

The increase in the proportion of people living in urban areas. Although this can be caused by natural increase (higher birth rates in urban areas than rural areas), it is more likely to happen because of rural-urban migration.

81
Q

Urban growth or sprawl?

A

A growth in the size of the urban area. This normally happens because of building in the rural-urban fringe, although it may also include things like land reclamation.

82
Q

Rapid urbanisation and urban growth can cause many problems in urban areas including?

A
  • Congestion (an increase in the amount of traffic leading to traffic jams)
  • Destruction of greenfield sites
  • Pollutions (air, water, noise, visual)
  • Electricity blackouts
  • Water shortages
  • Unemployment
  • Homelessness
  • Growth of informal settlements
  • Crime
83
Q

Push factors from countryside (rural areas)

A
  • No jobs or poorly paid jobs
  • Mechanisation. Machines taking the jobs of people
  • Low prices for agricultural products
  • Poor schools and hospitals
  • Shortage of entertainment
  • Poor quality of housing
  • Drought and famine
  • Shortages of water, electricity and gas
  • Poor transport and communications
84
Q

Pull factors to cities (urban areas)

A
  • More jobs
  • Better education and medical care
  • Better transport and communications
  • More reliable supply of water, electricity and gas.
  • Better entertainment
  • More houses and better quality houses
85
Q

Advantages to local residents through self help schemes?

A
  • They get an improved house to live in
  • They gain legal ownership of their house and the land it is on
  • Health should improve with better water supply and sewers
  • They should have a safer more reliable electricity supply
  • Houses should be at less risk from landslides (better foundations and better drainage)
  • New skills will be learnt when they are carrying out improvements
  • Locals health should start to improve.
86
Q

Advantages to local government through self help schemes?

A
  • Local residents will now start paying taxes to the government
  • There should be less health problems that the government has to pay for
  • There should be a positive multiplier effect as local residents try to improve their local area
  • Hopefully crime rates will reduce as residents find work and care for their community
  • Residents have new skills so should be able to find work.
  • The labour is free, even the government may provide some of the materials
  • Better roads should mean policing and rubbish collections are easier
87
Q

Why do we need more housing in the Uk?

A

This is because the population is increasing and there are smaller and smaller families. Also people are living longer.

88
Q

What is Deindustrialisation?

A

Deindustrialisation is the name given to the decline in manufacturing (secondary) industry, and the growth in tertiary and quaternary industry. In the UK this has happened.

89
Q

What has Deindustrialisation done to the Uk?

A
  • machines replaced people in most manufacturing industries
  • other countries produced goods more cheaply
  • prices for UK goods were too high
  • lack of investment - machinery
  • high interest rates makes borrowing money from banks difficult
90
Q

What are the results of Deindustrilastion?

A

As a result many jobs have been lost in the Uk and there are more and more things being manufactured abroad. Also the economy shrinks because companies in the Uk are not making money.

91
Q

Case studies Settlement change Development of Brown-filed site?

A

Norwich - east bank brownfield site

92
Q

What is happening on the Norwich brownfield site?

A

An area of Norwich which used to be where-housing comprising 17 hectares, located south east of Norwich City Center, on the banks of the River Wensum has been redeveloped into an entertainment complex including a fourteen-screen cinema, a large shopping center and © Hodder & Stoughton 2013 over 200 residential units.

93
Q

Case study - Development of Greenfield site?

A

Braknell
Located in the west London which has seen rapid and sustained growth.
Began in 2006, completion in 2015. Designed to be sustainable. Designed mainly for residential buyers. Range of property sizes, 20% affordable housing. Housing 14,000 built to highest environmental standards, many south facing to maximize sunlight.
94 acers of country park.
Doctors Surgery
Two new schools
Direct Link to M4.

Geograghy (14 decks)

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