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Geograghy > Unit 3 - Human Environment: Economic change > Flashcards

Unit 3 - Human Environment: Economic change Flashcards

1
Q

Define Primary Employment?

A

Primary Industry is the extraction of raw material from the ground or the sea, This includes farming, fishing and mining.

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2
Q

Define Secondary Employment?

A

Secondary industry is the manufacture of goods using the materials from primary industry. This includes building and making things.

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3
Q

Define Territory Employment?

A

territory does not produce anything. territory is usually providing a service of some kind. Such as teachers and solicitors.

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4
Q

employment patterns in Mali?

A

Mali has a high proportion of the population working in primary industry, around 85%. this is mainly because it is a LIC. this means that the country is in early stages of economic development.

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5
Q

Employment patterns in Germany?

A

Germany is a HIC. This means only about 3% of the population are in Primary Industry with about 65% in territory and the rest of the population in Secondary . This is all because Germany is a HIC and is very highly economically developed. Labor will be expensive in Germany.

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6
Q

Employment patterns in Taiwan?

A

Taiwan has a primary sector of about 20% and a secondary sector of about 45%. This is because it is a Newly industrialized country or NIC, This means that Taiwan is in the early stages of economic development.

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7
Q

What is causing the Primary sector decrease and territory increasing?

A
  • Technology, Improvements in Tech are leading to an increase of mechanization which has reduced the need for agricultural workers in particular.
  • Raw materials, such as coal etc.. are cheaper in import from abroad because of cheaper labor in LIC
  • Perception of Jobs, Jobs in the primary industry are normally seen as dirty ad often have very few Carrier prospects. Workers prefer better paid less physically demanding jobs of the Territory sector.
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8
Q

Manufacturing declining?

A

this is because it is easier and cheaper to have things manufactured in LIC’s because of cheap labor and no restrictions. Not to mention Government Grants that are available for making the country more economically developed. Globalization is also helping with this with advancements of internet etc.., to help connect large companies.

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9
Q

Reasons for change, Cheaper production in LIC and MIC.

A

-The production costs are less sue to cheap labor, a lack of rules and regulations in production processes and in some cases government grants, to help with industrialization.

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10
Q

Reasons for Change, Globalization.

A
  • The factor that is letting companies move their manufacturing base to other country is globalization.
  • the internet has allowed big companies to branch into areas of the world with production plants etc.. and still keep in contact with the rest of the company.
  • Improvements in the transport technology and logistics have enabled company’s to move products around the world quickly and cheaply. This has enabled Boeing to build different parts of plane in different county’s and then assemble them in Washington.
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11
Q

Reasons for Change, Mechanization.

A

Improvements in technology have lead to less people having to work in the Primary sector. This is mainly because machines are taking over the jobs of humans. this is causing a decrease in Primary employment and is good for companies because people are expensive.

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12
Q

Define PDA

A

Pattern, Data, Anomaly, this is used in graphs.

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13
Q

Reasons for Change, Resource Depletion.

A

This means that the resources in the UK for example are getting harder and harder to get to. So it is easier for companies to import Raw materials from abroad, coal etc..

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14
Q

reasons for Change, Social Change.

A

This is because people do not want to work in Primary employment anymore because it is hard work, dirt and often has low carrier prospects. people prefer Primary employment.

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15
Q

What is the Quaternary sector?

A

consists of those industry providing information services, such as computing, and research in scientific fields. A lot of the time this sector is included in the territory sector

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16
Q

Richer country’s will have more people working in the…

A

territory sector

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17
Q

Poorer countries will have more people working in the…

A

primary sector

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18
Q

What is the industrial revolution?

A

In Britain in the 1800’s many knew inventions changed industry and changed the way people worked, mainly down to mechanization.

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19
Q

What is an import?

A

A good or service that enters the country

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20
Q

What is retail?

A

The commercial selling of goods and products

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21
Q

Factors that influance where a industry is located?

A

power supply, comms, labor supply, access to market, grants and financial incentives, raw materials.

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22
Q

Agglomeration

A

is when a number of producers in the same or related industries group themselves together. They do this to benefit from local skill pools, economies of scale or the prowess of a locality in a particular field. An example is the large number of financial services companies (eg banks and insurance companies) which are headquartered in the City of London.

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23
Q

Footloose industries

A

are those that are less dependent on factors that tie them to a specific geographical location. Unlike manufacturing industries, tertiary or services, companies do not have to be near a source of raw materials. As long as they have suitable transport, energy and communications links, they can locate themselves virtually anywhere in the world. Examples of footloose industries are computer software development, telephone sales and call centers.

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24
Q

PDA?

A

pattern Data Anomaly

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25
Q

Examples of LIC?

A

Mali

26
Q

Examples of NIC?

A

Taiwan

27
Q

Examples of HIC?

A

Germany

28
Q

What is mechanization?

A

Since 1900 mechanization meant that less people were required to work on the land and in industry, as machines could carry out most of the work that people previously did.

29
Q

Factors that influence where an industry locates include:

A

power supply
communications - including transport, telecommunications
labour supply - including workers with the right skills
access to market - where the goods are sold
grants and financial incentives - usually from governments
raw materials

30
Q

Factors effecting the location of primary industry?

A

Companies find it cheaper to import materials from abroad not for primary industry. This is because it is cheaper abroad. For example labor is cheaper and it is normally easier to extract materials. In the UK materials may be difficult to reach.

31
Q

Reasons for decrease in UK primary: Cheap imports?

A

Raw materials such as coal and others are cheaper to import from abroad.
This is because the ores in the Uk are deep down and unacsessable, only with large amounts of money.

32
Q

Reasons for decrease in UK primary: Social changes?

A

People do not want to do primary jobs because it is to hard work. people prefer Territory. There are also few carrier prospects in primary. In territory you are also payed more, shorter hours that are less physically demanding.

33
Q

Reasons for decreasing UK primary: Mechanization?

A

Machines slowly taking over the jobs of the people. This is because of the fact that tech is improving. This also machines to take over the work of people in primary employment, such as in the mines.

34
Q

Reasons for declining primary Uk: Resource depletion?

A

For example no need to get miners to mine things in the Uk anymore because of the fact that it is cheaper to import from abroad.

35
Q

What is GDP?

A

Gross domestic product.

36
Q

Inequality of wealth?

A

is the gap in income between a country’s richest and poorest people. It can be measured in many ways, (eg the proportion of a country’s wealth owned by the richest 10 per cent of the population, compared with the proportion owned by the remaining 90 per cent).

37
Q

What is Gross Domestic Product (GDP)?

A

is the total value of goods and services produced by a country in a year.

38
Q

Demographics?

A

study population growth and structure. It compares birth rates to death rates, life expectancy and urban and rural ratios. Many LEDCs have a younger, faster-growing population than MEDCs, with more people living in the countryside than in towns. The birth rate in the UK is 11 per 1,000, whereas in Kenya it is 40.

39
Q

Factors effecting the location of territory industry?

A

This is because of the fact that companies are looking for better educated people there fore they are normally based in HIC where people are well educated.

40
Q

China human factors effecting economic change?(workforce)

A

There are many workers in china with more and more coming in from the east. This is because of easier work in cities. It is estimated that 500,000 million people will leave the country side and move to the cities in the next few years in china. Chinese people are the lowest payed in the world, this is because of the fact that there is still lots of competition for jobs. lowest paid is 40p.

41
Q

China human factors effecting economic change? (Government polices)

A

Changes in laws, laws that used to stop people investing in china have been abolished. Many companies for foreign countries have factories in china because it is very cheap.

42
Q

China human factors effecting economic change? (Education)

A

Literacy levels in china have risen dramatically over past 20 years now stand at 90%. this has fueled economic development. China has a growing number of skilled workers. they train 600,000 new engineers every year.

43
Q

China human factors effecting economic change? (Private enterprise)

A

For many years all manufacturing in china was state owned; nowadays 20 percent of firms are privately owned and this figure is increasing.

44
Q

China human factors effecting economic change? (Energy)

A

Since the 1990s China has also been developing its energy base, with new hydroelectric and nuclear power stations.

45
Q

China human factors effecting economic change? (Infrastructure)

A

The government has built many new roads and also allowed the building of new factories which has also fueled the growth of the economy.

46
Q

Case studies for Economic change?

A

Toyota plant - Derby
China
China Clay

47
Q

About China Clay?

A

Unable to move because they need to be next to the clay.

48
Q

Why is the Toyota plant in a good location?

A
  • Good Road access A50 and A38, duel carriage ways that link to the M1.
  • Large area of flat land for possible expansion 280 hectares.
  • Area has a tradition for engineering Rolls-Royce.
  • Attractive local visitors for workers or managers to live.
49
Q

Economic change: reasons for the decline in secondary sector in the UK.

A
  • cheaper production in L I C’s and MIC’s.

- globalisation.

50
Q

Economic change reasons for the decline in the secondary sector in the UK, cheaper production in other countries.

A
  • many manufacturing industries have relocated to other countries were production costs of manufacturing are cheaper.
  • production costs are less due to cheap labour and lack of rules and regulations.
  • The loss of manufacturing industry in certain areas of the UK caused high unemployment especially in the 1980s.
  • in the 1980s 40% of the population of Birmingham worked in manufacturing where as in 2007 only 20% were employed in manufacturing.
51
Q

Economic change reasons for the decline in the UK secondary sector. Globalisation.

A
  • enabled companies to base production in other countries.
  • growing economic independence see you have other countries worldwide has been brought about by technological advancements.
  • firms can now have branch plants all over the world or outsource manufacturing because they can keep in contact with the producers easily and quickly using the Internet.
  • advancements in cheaper and quicker transport technologies.
  • many marks and spencer products are made in Portugal because the production costs are cheaper.
52
Q

Economic change: reasons for growth in the territory sector in the UK since 1970.

A
  • employed at 76% of workforce in 2005. Between 1984 and 2004 there is an 80% increase in the number of workers.
  • A rise in demand of services are linked to disposable income. Rise in luxury services example gym and fitness facilities.
  • The development of new technologies. Increase in the computering and telecommunications sector has led to a number of people being employed. 950,000 by 2008.
  • decrease in employment in the primary and secondary sector.
  • demographic changes. People are marrying later and having fewer children.

-

53
Q

Problems with China Clay?

A
  • Quarrying, mining and china clay extraction can leave scars on the landscape, making it less attractive for both tourists and local people.
  • Tourists buy second homes, pushing up property prices so that locals cannot afford to buy. Rural poverty is becoming a problem in areas such as Dartmoor.
54
Q

About China Clay Dartmoor area?

A
  • Over 150 rock outcrops called tors, formed by a combination of freeze-thaw weathering and hydrolysis.
  • Popular tourist destination.
55
Q

Extraction of China Clay?

A

Extraction of china clay. Kaolin, also known as china clay, is a product of hydrolysis and is used in ceramics and paper-making. The industry is very important for the local economy and employment.

56
Q

Tourism China Clay Dartmoor?

A

Dartmoor is a National Park, popular for walking, camping and pony trekking. Over 10 million people visit the area each year.

57
Q

Give 4 factors that have led to the David Lloyd Health club in Hatfield

A
  • Close to junctions 3 and 4 of A1(M) so excellent access for large number of people.
  • In walking distance of Uni of Heart – so potential source of clients.
  • Salisbury Village – large area of executive middle class housing (potential clients).
  • Near indoor shopping center (Galleria) – people can shop & use the club in one journey.
58
Q

Rural Deindustrialisation: Location information

A
  • Location of a tertiary sector activity
  • 2 Giant biomes in a 60M deep abandoned china-clay mine with surrounding gardens
  • Takes up 15 hectares of an abandoned pit, 1/3 of which is taken up by the biomes
  • A large scale tourist attraction with biomes that house plants from 3 different climate zones.
  • Plans for a 3rd biome.
  • The Eden Project is large and dominates the landscape and there are also classrooms and educational centres as well as exhibition galleries
59
Q

Rural Deindustrialisation: Eden Project, location?

A

In St. Austell in Cornwall located on the former site of a china-clay mine.

60
Q

Rural Deindustrialisation: Eden Project, Why?

A
  • Redevelopment of a Brownfield site which used to be a china-clay mine
  • Biomes dominate the landscape and clear up an area of dereliction dominated by slag heaps, lakes and disused quarries
  • Eden Project brings income and a better image for the area as well as providing employment to locals
61
Q

Rural Deindustrialisation: Eden Project, Advantages?

A
  • Eden project creates 670 on site jobs, 75% of which go to the local people and 40% are to people over 50 who initially lost their jobs from the closure of the china-clay mines.
  • Total £15M spent on the area.
  • Estimated that visitors spend £111M a year
  • Gets rid of a large amount of derelict land.

Geograghy (14 decks)

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