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Geograghy > Unit 3 - Human Environment: Population change > Flashcards

Unit 3 - Human Environment: Population change Flashcards

1
Q

Population Density?

A

The number of people living in a given area, usually per km2. Singapore is a country with a very high population density and Australia is a country with a very low population density.

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2
Q

Population Distribution?

A

This is how a population is spread out around a country or an area. If a country’s population is distributed in a regular pattern then we say it has an even population distribution. However, if there are areas with many people and then areas with few people, then we would say that it has an uneven population distribution.

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3
Q

Sparse population?

A

When not many people live in an area.

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4
Q

Dense population?

A

When a lot of people live in an area

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5
Q

Causes of Sparse population?

A
  • Mountainous area e.g. Himalayas that are hard to build houses and transports links on.
  • Very hot or very cold area e.g. Sahara desert or Antarctica
  • A heavily forested area e.g. the Amazon Rainforest
  • Areas that flood a lot e.g. Mekong river delta
  • No jobs
  • Poor supply of electricity, gas and water
  • Poor communications
  • Shortage of natural resources
  • No schools or hospitals
  • Areas that regularly suffer from natural disasters e.g. volcanoes or droughts
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6
Q

Causes of dense population?

A

-Coastal areas that are good for fishing, trading etc.
-A flat area of land that is easy to build on
-Areas that are close to a good supply of water e.g. -River Thames in London. -Water is important for fishing, drinking, washing, etc.
-Areas with good natural resources e.g. wood or good
-Areas that are close to good fertile agricultural land
-Areas with good developed transport links
Plenty of available jobs
-Available electricity and water supply
-Good communications e.g. internet and mobile phone network
-Good quality schools and hospitals

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7
Q

Birth rates?

A

The number of births per 1000 of population per year.

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8
Q

Fertility rate?

A

The average number of children a female is expected to have in their lifetime.

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9
Q

Death rates?

A

The number of deaths per 1000 of population per year.

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10
Q

Why are there high birthrates?

A
  • Lack of contraception e.g. condoms
  • Religious beliefs e.g. belief against contraception and abortion (Roman Catholicism)
  • Agricultural based society (need for people to farm and collect water)
  • High infant mortality (if some babies may die, couples will be tempted to have more children)
  • No care homes or pensions so old dependents will need their children to care for them in old age.
  • Pro-natalist policies (governments encouraging couples to have more children)
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11
Q

Why there are high deathrates?

A
  • Natural disasters (often only causes short term increases) e.g. Indian Ocean tsunami
  • Conflicts and wars
  • Poor medical care
  • Poor hygiene and sanitation
  • Poor diet (might be a shortage of food or unhealthy food)
  • Drinking alcohol, smoking or taking drugs
  • Lack of exercise (sedentary lifestyle)
  • Shortage of clean water
  • Diseases e.g. cancer and AIDS
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12
Q

Why there are low birthrates?

A

-Availability and affordability of contraception e.g. cheap or free condoms
-Emancipation (freedom) of women (freedom to get an education and work)
-Improved levels of education (especially female)
-Reduced infant mortality
Introduction of pensions and care homes
-Development of economy into secondary and tertiary sectors
Increasing cost of children
-Delayed marriages and less children
-Anti-natalist policies e.g. China’s one child policy
-High cost of raising children

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13
Q

Reasons for low deathrate?

A
  • Immunisation programs e.g. small pox
  • Availability of clean water
  • Improved diet and knowledge of diet e.g. five portions of fruit and diet
  • Improved levels of exercise
  • Improved medical care
  • Improved preventative testing e.g. for cancer so people can be treated before it kills them.
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14
Q

Infant mortality?

A

The number of deaths before the age of 1, per 1000 live births per year.

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15
Q

Life expectancy?

A

The average age that someone is expected to live within a country. Generally women tend to live a few years longer than men.

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16
Q

What is the DTM?

A

Demographic transition model: means population and transition means change, so the DTM basically means the population change model. The DTM looks at how a country’s population may change as it develops. It looks at birth rates, death rates and total population. The DTM is usually divided into five stages. Stage 1 is the poorest stage and stage 5 is the richest stage.

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17
Q

What is stage 1 of the DTM?

A

Has high birth and death rates. Because birth rates and death rates are both high (no contraception, agricultural based economy, poor medical care, etc.), total population remains low.

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18
Q

What is stage 2 of the DTM?

A

Birth rates remain high, but death rates begin to fall. This causes total population to increase (natural increase). Death rates fall because of introduction of basic medical care.

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19
Q

What is stage 3 of the DTM?

A

Birth rates begin to fall, but still remain higher than death rates so total population continues to increase. Birth rates begin to fall because of better education and availability of contraception.

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20
Q

What is stage 4 of the DTM?

A

Birth rates and death rates are both low so the total population becomes constant (stays the same).

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21
Q

What is stage 5 of the DTM?

A

Birth rates start to fall below death rates so the total population actually starts to decline (natural decrease). This is because of delayed marriages, cost of children and emancipation of women.

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22
Q

Natural population increase?

A

When birth rates are higher than death rates, like in stage 2 and 3 of the DTM.

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23
Q

Natural population decrease?

A

When death rates are higher than birth rates, like in stage 5 of the DTM.

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24
Q

Population explosion or population bomb?

A

The rapid growth in population, this might refer to the rapid growth of the world’s population in the lat 100 years, or the rapid population growth of just one country.

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25
Q

Reasons for high birthrates include?

A
  • Lack of education about family planning
  • Poor availability of contraception and cost of contraception
  • Polygamy amongst some ethnic groups
  • Primary based economy
  • High rate of sexual violence often leading to unwanted pregnancies.
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26
Q

reasons for declining death rates?

A

Better testing for and treatment of HIV/AIDS
Improved water supply
Improved housing (although large numbers still live in informal settlements)
Better education about diet

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27
Q

population pyramid?

A

Better testing for and treatment of HIV/AIDS
Improved water supply
Improved housing (although large numbers still live in informal settlements)
Better education about diet

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28
Q

young Dependents?

A

The number or the percentage of the population under the age of 16.

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29
Q

Old dependents?

A

The number or the percentage of the population over the age of 65.

30
Q

Economically Active?

A

People between the ages of 16 and 65. This is basically the working group.

31
Q

Dependency Ratio:

A

The ratio between the amount of dependents (old and young) and the economically active.

32
Q

What is a ageing population?

A

This is when the proportion of old dependents is increasing. This happens because life expectancy increases, but also because birth rates start to fall. This happens in stage 5 of the DTM (it is currently happening in very developed countries like Japan). A country with an ageing population might have a higher death rate than you expect, because old people eventually die even if there life expectancy is high.

33
Q

Problems with ageing population?

A
  • There may be a shortage of workers (not enough economically active)
  • If there is a shortage of workers there are less tax payers and the government receives less money
  • Old people tend to get more sick, so there will be an increase in pressure on hospitals
  • In many countries retired people can claim pensions off the government. If there are a lot of old people this can be very expensive.
  • The government has to provide places in care homes or provide services so people can care for themselves at home e.g. meals on wheels.
34
Q

Solutions to an aging population?

A
  • Increase the retirement age. In the UK the retirement age has increased from 65 to 67
  • Increase the amount of tax charged to economically active.
  • Introduce private healthcare, so that the government doesn’t have to pay
  • Encourage people to have private pensions so that the government does not have to pay
  • Economic immigration could be encouraged to reduce the dependency ratio
  • Have a pro-natalist policy so that birth rates and the number of young people increase.
35
Q

Retirement age?

A

The age at which people officially stop working. In many countries they can claim a pension off the government when they stop working. People have retired are often called pensioners because they receive a pension.

36
Q

pensions?

A

Money that people who have retired receive. The money may be received from the government or from private pensions.

37
Q

Despite there being many problems of an ageing population, there are some advantages, including?

A
  • Less need to spend money on schools
  • Older people are less likely to commit crimes
  • Old people tend to travel less (no commuting) so congestion and pollution might reduce.
  • The elderly people buy lots of things and sometimes pay from cruses etc.
38
Q

what is the young population?

A

When talking about a young population, you are usually referring to young dependents (those under the age of 16). You might refer to a young population if there are too many or too few. Both can present advantages and disadvantages.

39
Q

problems of Young population(to many)?

A
  • Child care has to be provided so that parents can return to work.
  • Governments need to pay so that young people can go to school
  • Young people get sick so the government has to pay for healthcare
  • An increase in the dependency ratio
  • Creation of teaching and nursing jobs.
40
Q

problems of Young population (to little)?

A
  • Closure of child related services and loss of jobs e.g. schools and nurseries
  • Less consumers and taxpayers in the future
  • An increase in the age of the population
  • Birth rates fall below replacement rate cause the population decline. Also in the future there will be less people in the reproductive age range causing further declines.
41
Q

Solutions of Young populations(too many)?

A
  • An anti-natalist policy might be introduced like -China’s one child policy.
  • Increase family planning. Make contraception available and affordable
  • Ensure females are educated and emancipated.
42
Q

Solutions of Young population(too few)?

A

A pro-nalalist policy to increase birth rates.

Subsidised childcare and education to encourage more families to have more children.

43
Q

replacement Rate?

A

The number of children each couple has to have to maintain a country’s population. The replacement rate is about 2.1 - two to replace the couple when they die and then 0.1 for children who might die in infancy or who are unable to have children themselves (infertile).

44
Q

Reproductive age range?

A

The age that females normally have babies. Biologically this can be anytime between puberty and menopause but is more likely to be between 18 and 35.

45
Q

What are some advantages of a large and small young population?

A

Potentially large workforce in the future (too many)
Population who has grown up understanding modern technology e.g. computers and the internet (too many)
Reduced dependency ratio (too few)
Reduced education and medical costs (too few)

46
Q

Pro-natalist Policy?

A

A policy that encourages couples to have more children. You can not force people to have more children so you have to offer incentives instead e.g. free childcare or even money.

47
Q

Governments may have a pro-natalist policy if they have a declining population and a shortage of young dependents (low birth rates and fertility rates). A government can’t force couples to have more children, so instead it must offer incentives. Incentives may include:

A
  • Cash payments
  • Free or subsidised healthcare
  • Free or subsidised education
  • Free nurseries or subsidised childcare.
  • Reduced tax rates
  • Child benefits e.g. weekly or monthly payments
  • Free equipment e.g. pushchairs, cots or even washing machines
  • Poster and advertising campaigns
48
Q

Anti-natalist policy?

A

A policy that attempts to reduce birth rates. This might be through better education and supply of contraception or through much stricter policies like China’s one child policy.

49
Q

China’s 1 child policy has been relatively successful, birth rates have fallen from a peak off 44 in the 1950’s down to just 12. China’s population is also expected to peak in the next 20 years and then slowly start to decrease. Because of its success there have been further relaxations including:

A
  • All of families in females areas can now have two
  • Two people who marry from single children families they are allowed two
  • Females are better educated about contraception and are free to make their own choices.
50
Q

However, there are also a few problems with the population in china?

A
  • China is still overpopulated, there are over 1.3 billion Chinese
  • There is a male female imbalance in the population
  • People are demanding greater freedom and choice
  • China will slowly get an ageing population.
  • There are large numbers of abandoned children
51
Q

Carrying capacity?

A

The amount of people that the resources of a country can support. The carrying capacity of a country can change with improvements in technology e.g. desalination, discoveries of new resources, or the loss of existing resources e.g. volcanic eruption destroying farm land.

52
Q

overpopulation?

A

When there are more people that the resources available. Overpopulation might lead to unemployment, famine and homelessness.

53
Q

Underpopulation?

A

When there are not enough people to fully maximise the potential of a country. For example there might be vacant jobs or resources that can not be fully exploited.

54
Q

Optimum population?

A

When population and resources are perfectly matched. In reality this is almost impossible to achieve.

55
Q

What are the problems of over population?

A
  • There could be unemployment because there are not enough jobs for everyone
  • There could be a shortage of schools and hospitals
  • There could be a shortage of hoses and informal settlements grow
  • Congestion may increase as there are more cars, buses, etc. on the road
  • Prices may increase as demand for houses, resources, etc. increase (inflation)
  • There may be a shortage of clean drinking water, electricity, etc.
  • There may be an increase in air, noise and water pollution e.g. open sewers, fires, etc.
  • The rural-urban fringe may be damaged as informal settlements are built
56
Q

What are the Problems of underpopulation?

A
  • There are a shortage of workers
  • There will be less people paying tax
  • Schools and hospitals may close because there are not enough clients
  • Public transport links might close because of less customers
  • There may be less innovation and development (lee brain power)
  • Not possible to exploit all resources
  • Hard to defend country
  • Necessary to attract migrants.
57
Q

In 2012 there was ……….people in the world?

A

7 billion

58
Q

What is the population ratio in the world in billions?

A

Eur: 1 / Amer: 1 / Afric: 1 / Asia: 4

59
Q

What is the population ration going to be in 2050 in billions?

A

Eur: 1 / Amer: 1 / Afric: 2 / Asia: 5

60
Q

What is the population ration going to be in 2100 in billions?

A

Eur: 1 / Amer: 1 / Afric: 4 / Asia: 5

61
Q

The population is expected to level out at ……

A

11 billion

62
Q

Equation for birthrates and deathrates?

A

natural increase = birthrate - death rate.

63
Q

What causes birth and death rates to change: Medical?

A

HIC’s new treatment to combat new illnesses such as cancer which lead to more lives living longer. Child hood desires have decreased. improvements of medical care for mothers, increasing infant mortality rates. This leads to people having lass children, because they know that they are going to grow to adult hood.

64
Q

What causes birth and death rates to change: Economically?

A

It costs a lot more now to bring up a child in the UK and couples have to change there lifestyles in order to do this . It cost on average £186,032 to raise a child from 0-21. Death rates in the Uk are strongly effected by povity. the death rate is higher in areas of labor and poorer communities such as Glasgow.

65
Q

What causes birth and death rates to change: Social?

A

Educating woman helps because it teaches them how to use contraception. It also leeds to more time in school so woman can have a full education and career. Education opens up there eyes to life outside the home and they may want to peruse there dreams rather then have lots of children and be a house wife. Also the age of marriage goes up as well.

66
Q

What causes birth and death rates to change: political?

A

Some countries such as china have attempted to decrease the birth rate by capping how many children you can have. there is also family planning schemes available in many countries. Because the population is shrinking people are worried that there will not be large enough workforce and enough tax being paid to support pensions.

67
Q

What are they doing in Singapore to increase the birth rate?

A

To overcome worker shortages, the Singapore government has encouraged immigration, but it is also trying to increase the population through raising birth rates. The government is doing this in a number of ways. It has increased maternity leave by 50% to 12 weeks and it will cover the cost of maternity leave (the cost to the parents employers) for the first four babies. The Singapore government is also increasing child benefits paid to families. The government will pay money into a special bank account of up to nearly $1000 for six years. The Singapore government has also sponsored dating organisations to encourage people to get married earlier and start having children.

68
Q

How did China enforce the one child policy?

A

To enforce the policy the government relied on community enforcement. Often elderly residents who were trusted within the community were asked to inform, elderly female informants were nicknamed ‘granny police’. The strict enforcement of the policy led to a problem of female infanticide. This is the killing of female babies, because couples favoured male children. Males ensured the family name was maintained and were able to work manual jobs, whereas females would be lost after marriage (females normally went to live with their husbands family).

69
Q

Population density across China?

A

A country’s carrying capacity might vary within its borders - China is an excellent example of this. The west and north of China will have a fairly low carrying capacity. This is because the west is fairly mountainous and the north is mainly desert. However, the east will have a much higher carrying capacity because it is flatter, has good water supply (Yellow and Yangtse rivers) and is near the coast.

70
Q

Dependency ratio?

A

% under 15 + % over 64 / % 15-64

71
Q

Case studies Population change?

A

China - to much

Singapore - to little

Geograghy (14 decks)

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