Unit 3 Exam Flashcards
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What is the function of the Cardiovascular System
pumps blood through the body
Hematology
the study of blood
what does the cardiovascular system consist of (3)
blood
heart
blood vessels
what is blood made of
liquid connective tissue
functions of blood
transport
regulation of pH
regulation of body temp
regulation of cellular water content
protection
standard blood temp
38 degrees celcius
standard blood pH
7.35-7.45
color of oxygenated blood
bright red
color of deoxigenated blood
dark red
standard blood volume
4-6 liters
2 components of blood
blood plasma
formed elements
how to separate the two parts of blood
centrifuge
plasma color and state of matter
straw colored
liquid
how much of blood does plasma make up
55%
what is plasma made of (2)
water
proteins
what proteins are found in plasma
albumin
globulins
fibrinogen
what are the 3 formed elements in blood
red blood cells (RBCs)
white blood cells (WBCs)
Platelets
alternative name for RBCs
erythrocytes
alternative name for WBCs
leukocytes
alternative name for Platelets
thrombocytes
what is hemopoiesis
formation of new blood cells
where does hemopoiesis occur
red bone marrow
what are the precursors of all blood cells
hemopoietic stem cells
function of hemopoietic growth factors
regulate differentiation and proliferation of blood cells
what are the 3 hemopoietic growth factors
Erythropoietin
Thrombopoietin
Cytokines
what does Erythropoietin do
stimulates RBC production
what does Thrombopoietin do
stimulates Platelet production
what do Cytokines do
stimulate WBC and other blood cells production
RBC structure
flexible
biconcave disc
RBCs do/do not have a nucleus
do not
Erythropoiesis
production of RBCs
Polycythemia
increased RBCs
Anemia
decreased RBCs
RBC functions
transport respiratory gases
contain hemoglobin
what does hemoglobin do
binds to O2 and CO2
hemoglobin composition
4 globin proteins
WBCs do/do not have a nucleus
do
WBCs overall function
immunity
normal WBC count
5,000-10,000 WBCs/mm^3 blood
leukopenia
low WBCs
Leukocytosis
high WBCs
Leukemia
extremely high WBCs
(cancer of the blood)
2 types of WBCs
Granulocytes
Agranulocytes
difference between granulocytes(1) vs agranulocytes(2)
1) contain visible granules
2) no visible granules
3 kinds of granulocytes
Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils
Neutrophil abundance
60-70% of WBCs
Neutrophil function
phagocytosis
Neutrophil distinguishing features
Nucleus(band or segmented)
lavender granules
Eosinophil abundance
2-4%
Eosinophil function
respond to parasites/allergies
Eosinophil distinguishing features
nucleus(bilobed)
big orange/red granules
Basophil abundance
<1%
Basophil function
respond to parasites/allergies
Basophil distinguishing features
nucleus(bilobed)
big purple granules
2 kinds of agranulocytes
Lymphocytes
Monocytes
Lymphocyte abundance
20-25%
Lymphocyte function
specific immunity against pathogens
Lymphocyte types
T lymphocyte
B lymphocyte
B Lymphocyte function
develop into plasma cells(secrete antibodies)
Lymphocyte distinguishing features
large nucleus
little cytoplasm
Monocyte abundance
3-8%
Monocyte function
Phagocytosis
Monocyte distinguishing features
large
horseshoe-shaped nucleus
may have vacuoles
secondary function/ability of Monocytes
can migrate from blood to tissues(Macrophages)
What are Platelets
fractions of megakaryocytes
Platelets distinguishing features
small
no nucleus
platelet function
clotting
what is a blood smear differential
stained blood smear
how to use a blood smear differential
count 100 WBCs and get %s of each type of WBC
Function of heart
pump blood
the heart starts pumping before/after birth
before
Cardiology
the study of the heart
where is the heart located
in the mediastinum
rests on diaphragm
the heart is angled slightly right/left
left (NOT ON LEFT SIDE)
apex of heart
inferior, pointed end
base of heart
superior, broader region
Pericardium function
surrounds and protects heart
2 layers of pericardium
fibrous pericardium
serous pericardium
fibrous pericardium is superficial/deep
superficial
serous pericardium is superficial/deep
deep
fibrous pericardium function
anchors heart to mediastinum
serous pericardium function
double layer around heart
3 layers of heart wall (superficial->deep)
Epicardium
Myocardium
Endocardium
Epicardium tissue type(s)
Simple squamous epithelium
Areolar CT
Adipose Tissue
Myocardium is the thickest/thinnest layer of the heart
thickest
Myocardium tissue type(s)
cardiac muscle tissue
myocardium function
pumping
Endocardium tissue type(s)
endothelium
connective tissue
endocardium function
smooth lining for chambers of heart
2 types of blood vessels
arteries
veins
function of arteries
move blood away from the heart
function of veins
move blood to the heart
what are auricles
anterior part of atria (ear)
auricles function
hold excessive blood
what are sulci
invaginations
3 sulci examples
coronary sulcus
anterior interventricular suclus
posterior interventricular sulcus
coronary sulcus location
between atria and ventricles
anterior interventricular sulcus location
between ventricles on anterior side
posterior interventricular sulcus location
between ventricles on posterior side
valve function
prevent backflow of blood
4 valves
trucuspid valve
bicuspid valve
pulmonary semilunar valve
aortic semilunar valve
atrioventricular valve location
between atria/ventricles
2 atrioventricular valves
tricuspid
bicuspid
2 semilunar valve
pulmonary
aortic
Fibrous skeleton purpose
anchor valves in place
fibrous skeleton location
between ventricles and atria
blood flows through the heart ___directionally
unidirectionally
to what 2 locations is blood pumped
lungs (deoxygenated)
body (oxygenated)
2 types of circulation
pulomary circulation
systemic circulation
pulmonary circulation function
pumps deoxygenated blood to lungs
(R. Atrium -> Lungs)
Systemic circulation function
pumps oxygenated blood to rest of body/body systems
(L. Atrium -> entrance of R. Atrium)
Which 3 veins bring deoxygenated blood to R. Atrium
Superior vena cava
Inferior vena cava
coronary sinus
superior vena cava gets blood from where
head/neck
upper limbs
inferior vena cava gets blood from where
trunk
lower limbs
coronary sinus gets blood from where
heart wall
interatrial septum function
prevents mixing of blood
pectinate muscles function
aid contraction
fossa ovalis function
remnant of fetal circulation
(no function after birth)
what does the Tricuspid valve connect
R. Atrium and R. Ventricle
Tricuspid Valve structure
3 triangular cusps
open downward into R. Ventricle
Interventricular septum function
thick wall between R/L Ventricles
Trabeculae carnae structure
irregular muscular ridges
how many papillary muscles in R. Ventricle
3
chordae tendineae structure
thin strands of collagen fiber
attach to cusps of tricuspid valve
chordae tendineae function
prevents tricuspid valve from over-closing
Pulmonary semilunar valve divides
R. ventricle and pulmonary trunk
pulmonary semilunar valve function
opens upward into pulmonary trunk
pulmonary trunk function
carries deoxigenated blood from heart to lungs
pulmonary trunk splits into ___
right and left pulmonary trunk
Lungs function
gas exchange
oxygenate blood
pulmonary veins function
bring oxygenated blood from lungs to heart
pulmonary veins are the beginning/end of pulmonary circulation
end
L. Atrium is the beginning/end of systemic circulation
beginning
Bicuspid valve alternative names
mitral valve
Left AV Valve
Tricuspid valve alternative name
Right AV Valve
bicuspid valve structure
2 triangular cusps
R. Ventricle has a thick/thin wall
thick
how many papillary muscles does the R. Ventricle have
2
Aortic semilunar valve location
between L. Ventricle and Aorta
Coronary circulation function
heart’s (mini) circulatory system
2 parts of coronary circulation function
coronary arteries
coronary veins
coronary arteries function
bring oxygenated blood to heart walls
coronary veins function
bring deoxygenated blood away from heart walls
How is the cardiac conduction system regulated
authorhythmic
autorhythmic cells function
repeatedly and rhythmically generate electrical impulses
where are electrical impulses initiated from in the cardiac conduction system
sinoatrial node (SA Node)
SA Node function
sets rhythm for heart contraction
(natural pacemaker)
Cardiac System Pathway
1) SA Node create electrical impulse
2) both atria(atrial contraction)
3) Atrioventricular Node
4) AV Bundle
5) R/L bundle branches
6) Purkinje Fibers(ventricular contraction)
Atrioventricular Node function
briefly holds the electrical impulse
AV Bundle alternative name
bundle of HIS
blood vessels function
carry blood to/away from heart
3 types of blood vessels
arteries
capillaries
veins
arteries function
carry freshly oxygenated blood away from heart
capillaries function
site of nutrient/waste exchange
veins function
carry blood to heart
arteries give rise to ___
capillaries
capillaries give rise to ___
veins
3 major layers of blood vessels
(internal -> external)
tunica interna
tunica media
tunica externa
tunica interna is/isnt in direct contact with blood
is
tunica media is/isn’t in direct contact with blood
isn’t
tunica externa is/isn’t in direct conact with blood
isn’t
3 layers of tunica interna
(innermost -> outermost)
endothelium
basement membrane
internal elastic membrane
Tunica media composition
smooth muscle
elastic fibers
function of smooth muscle in tunica media
constriction/dilation
function of elastic fibers in tunica media
stretch and recoil
tunica externa composition
areolar CT
as ARTERIES move blood away from heart:
DIAMETER ___
decreases
as ARTERIES move blood away from heart:
ELASTIC FIBERS ___
decrease
as ARTERIES move blood away from heart:
SMOOTH MUSCLE ___
increases
as ARTERIES move blood away from heart:
NUMBER ___
increases
as ARTERIES move blood away from heart:
BLOOD PRESSURE ___
decreases
3 types of arteries
(closest -> farthest from heart)
elastic arteries
muscular arteries
arterioles
elastic arteries anatomy
largest
thin vessel wall
thick tunica media(many elastic fibers)
elastic arteries function
propel blood forward while ventricles relax
muscular arteries anatomy
medium size
thick walls
tunica media(smooth muscle)
muscular arteries function
distributing arteries
Arterioles anatomy
smallest artery(not BV)
tunica media(smallest and thinnest)
arterioles function
control blood flow to capillaries
there are many/few capillaries
many
capillaries function
site of nutrient waste/exchange
capillary structure
only tunica interna
(1 layer of endothelium + basement memb.)
Capillary beds
network of capillaries
functional unit of the circulatory system
capillary beds
precapillary sphinctors tissue type
smooth muscle cells
what happens when precapillary sphinctors are relaxed
open - blood flows into capillary
what happens when precapillary sphinctors are contracted
closed - prevents blood flow into capillary
throughfare channel
connects metarteriole to postcapillary venule
mitrocirculation
metarteriole -> capillaries -> postcapillary venule
3 types of capillaries
continuous
fenestrated
sinusoid
continuous capillaries tissue type
simple squamous cells
how are continuous capillaries connected
tight junctions
identifying feature of fenestrated capillaries
small holes
function of fenestrated capillaries
allow fluid exchange
identifying feature of sinusoid capillaries
gaps
function of sinusoid capillaries
transport large molecules/cells
portal system function
passes blood from one capillary network directly to another capillary network
example of portal system
hepatic portal system
veins functions
drain capillaries
return blood to heart
blood resovoirs
veins go with/against gravity
against
2 types of veins
(smallest -> largest)
venules
veins
venules are the companion of ___
arterioles
postcapillary venules function
recieve blood from capillaries
veins are the companion of ___
muscular/elastic arteries
veins have thin/thick walls
thin
veins must work with/against low pressure
against
How do veins overcome gravity/low pressure
valves
skeletal muscle pump
valves function(s)
prevent blood pooling
close -> stop blood from moving down
skeletal muscle pump function(s)
1) skeletal muscle contracts(enlarges)
2) veins vasoconstrict
3) decreased volume
4) increased pressure
5) push blood up to next valve
Vascular (venous) sinus anatomy
thin endothelial wall
no smooth muscle
superficial veins anatomy
subcutaneous tissue
deep veins anatomy
below fascia, between skeletal muscles
Fetal circulation
circulatory system of fetus
placenta role in fetal circulation
allows exchange of materials between fetal and maternal circulation
umbilical vein role in fetal circulation
brings blood to fetal heart
umbilical arteries role in fetal circulation
bring blood from fetus to placenta
why is fetal circulation necess
fetus doesn’t have:
1) access to air
2) functional lungs
3) fully functional digestive/urinary systems
Pathogen
disease-causing microbe
2 types of immunity
innate
adaptive
innate immunity
defenses present at birth
qualities of innate immunity
rapid response
non-specific
no memory response
adaptive immunity
defenses aquired after birth
qualities of adaptive immunity
slower response
specific
memory response
lymphatic system
circulates body fluids and aids in immunity
functions of lymphatic system
drains excess interstitial fluid (into blood)
transports dietary lipids
production/maturation of lymphocytes
generates immune response
3 parts to generating immune responses
foreign antigens (cell name tag)
t lymphocytes (cellular response)
b lymphocytes (antibody production)
3 parts of lymphatic system
lymphatic fluid
lymphatic vessels
lymphatic organs
lymphatic fluid
clear fluid
lymphatic fluid composition
water
antibodies
lymphocytes
lymphatic capillaries
dead end vessels between cells
lymphatic capillaries are larger/smaller than blood capillaries
larger
fluid only flows in/out of lymphatic capillaries
in
anchoring filaments
shut door in lymphatic capillaries after fluid enters
specialized lymphatic capillaries in GI tract
lacteals
lacteal function
carry dietary lipids
lacteal color
creamy white - chyle
Lymphatic Vessels have thinner/thicker walls and more/less vales than veins
thicker
more
lymphatic vessels locations
skin’s subcutaneous tissue
viscera (follow arteries, form plexuses)
lymphatic vessels function
carry lymphatic fluid to lymph nodes
lymph nodes contain ___
T and B Lymphocytes
2 types of lymphatic vessels
afferent vessels
efferent vessels
afferent vessels
bring lymphatic fluid to lymph nodes
efferent vessels
exit lymph nodes
lymphatic trunks merge to form ___
lymphatic ducts
jugular trunks
drain lymphatic fluid from head and neck
subclavian trunks
drain lymphatic fluid from upper lymbs
bronchomediastinal trunks
drain lymphatic fluid from thoracic wall, lung, and heart
lumbar trunks
drain lymphatic fluid from lower limbs, pelvis, kidneys, and abdominal wall
intestinal trunk
drain lymphatic fluid from intestines, stomach, pancreas, and spleen
right lymphatic duct
drain lymphatic fluid into junction of R. internal jugular vein and R. subclavian vein
thoracic duct
drain lymphatic fluid into junction of L internal jugular vein and L subclavian vein
lymphatic fluid flows as result of
respiratory pump
skeletal muscle pump
how does a respiratory pump move lymphatic fluid
respiratory movements
how does a skeletal muscle pump move lymphatic fluid
skeletal muscle contractions
2 types of lymphatic organs
primary lymphatic organs
secondary lymphatic organs
primary lymphatic organs are where immune cells ___
are produced
become immunocompetant
2 primary lymphatic organs
Red bone marrow
thymus
red bone marrow location
epiphyses of long bones
red bone marrow function
hemopoiesis
where do B lymphocytes mature
red bone marrow
thymus location
superior mediastinum
thymus function
T lymphocyte maturation
what atrophies with age
thymus
how many lobes does the thymus have
2
inward extension of connective tissue capsule surrounding lobes of thymus
trabeculae
what do trabeculae divide into
lobules
lobules of the thymus
outer cortex
inner medulla
cells of thymic lobule outer cortex
immature T lymphocytes
dentritic cells
epithelial cells
thymic hormones
macrophages
cells of thymic lobule inner medulla
mature T lymphocytes
epithelial cells
macrophages
where do immune cells function
secondary lymphatic organs
2 secondary lymphatic organs
spleen
lymph nodes
spleen location
left hypochondriac region
spleen function
combs blood for pathogens
white pulp of spleen composition
white blood cells
white pulp of spleen function
immune responses
red pulp of spleen composition
red blood cells
platelets
white blood cells
red pulp of spleen function
dispose of old red blood cells
platelet storage
hemopoiesis in fetus
shape of lymph nodes
bean-shaped
many clusters of lymph nodes are found in ___
axillary region
inguinal region
cervical region
lymphatic nodules
clusters of B lymphocytes
germinal center contains
b lymphocytes
dentritic cells
macrophages
inner cortex of lymph node contains
t lymphocytes
dentritic cells
medulla of lymph node contains
b cells
plasma cells
macrophages
flow of lymphatic fluid through lymph node
afferent lymphatic vessel
subscapular sinus
trabecular sinus
medullary sinus
efferent lymphatic vessel
other locations of lymphatic nodules
mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue
tonsils
mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue
lymphatic nodules lining mucous membranes of:
GI tract
urinary/genital tracts
intestinal tract
mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue in GI Tract
peyer’s patches
tonsils location
in pharynx
tonsils function
trap inhaled/ingested pathogens
3 types of tonsils
pharyngeal
palatine
lingual
