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Anatomy - Spring 2024 > Unit 3 Exam > Flashcards

Unit 3 Exam Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the function of the Cardiovascular System

A

pumps blood through the body

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2
Q

Hematology

A

the study of blood

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3
Q

what does the cardiovascular system consist of (3)

A

blood
heart
blood vessels

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4
Q

what is blood made of

A

liquid connective tissue

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5
Q

functions of blood

A

transport
regulation of pH
regulation of body temp
regulation of cellular water content
protection

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6
Q

standard blood temp

A

38 degrees celcius

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7
Q

standard blood pH

A

7.35-7.45

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8
Q

color of oxygenated blood

A

bright red

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9
Q

color of deoxigenated blood

A

dark red

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10
Q

standard blood volume

A

4-6 liters

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11
Q

2 components of blood

A

blood plasma
formed elements

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12
Q

how to separate the two parts of blood

A

centrifuge

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13
Q

plasma color and state of matter

A

straw colored
liquid

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14
Q

how much of blood does plasma make up

A

55%

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15
Q

what is plasma made of (2)

A

water
proteins

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16
Q

what proteins are found in plasma

A

albumin
globulins
fibrinogen

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17
Q

what are the 3 formed elements in blood

A

red blood cells (RBCs)
white blood cells (WBCs)
Platelets

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18
Q

alternative name for RBCs

A

erythrocytes

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19
Q

alternative name for WBCs

A

leukocytes

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20
Q

alternative name for Platelets

A

thrombocytes

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21
Q

what is hemopoiesis

A

formation of new blood cells

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22
Q

where does hemopoiesis occur

A

red bone marrow

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23
Q

what are the precursors of all blood cells

A

hemopoietic stem cells

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24
Q

function of hemopoietic growth factors

A

regulate differentiation and proliferation of blood cells

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25
Q

what are the 3 hemopoietic growth factors

A

Erythropoietin
Thrombopoietin
Cytokines

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26
Q

what does Erythropoietin do

A

stimulates RBC production

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27
Q

what does Thrombopoietin do

A

stimulates Platelet production

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28
Q

what do Cytokines do

A

stimulate WBC and other blood cells production

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29
Q

RBC structure

A

flexible
biconcave disc

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30
Q

RBCs do/do not have a nucleus

A

do not

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31
Q

Erythropoiesis

A

production of RBCs

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32
Q

Polycythemia

A

increased RBCs

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33
Q

Anemia

A

decreased RBCs

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34
Q

RBC functions

A

transport respiratory gases
contain hemoglobin

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35
Q

what does hemoglobin do

A

binds to O2 and CO2

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36
Q

hemoglobin composition

A

4 globin proteins

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37
Q

WBCs do/do not have a nucleus

A

do

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38
Q

WBCs overall function

A

immunity

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39
Q

normal WBC count

A

5,000-10,000 WBCs/mm^3 blood

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40
Q

leukopenia

A

low WBCs

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41
Q

Leukocytosis

A

high WBCs

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42
Q

Leukemia

A

extremely high WBCs
(cancer of the blood)

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43
Q

2 types of WBCs

A

Granulocytes
Agranulocytes

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44
Q

difference between granulocytes(1) vs agranulocytes(2)

A

1) contain visible granules
2) no visible granules

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45
Q

3 kinds of granulocytes

A

Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils

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46
Q

Neutrophil abundance

A

60-70% of WBCs

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47
Q

Neutrophil function

A

phagocytosis

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48
Q

Neutrophil distinguishing features

A

Nucleus(band or segmented)
lavender granules

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49
Q

Eosinophil abundance

A

2-4%

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50
Q

Eosinophil function

A

respond to parasites/allergies

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51
Q

Eosinophil distinguishing features

A

nucleus(bilobed)
big orange/red granules

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52
Q

Basophil abundance

A

<1%

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53
Q

Basophil function

A

respond to parasites/allergies

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54
Q

Basophil distinguishing features

A

nucleus(bilobed)
big purple granules

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55
Q

2 kinds of agranulocytes

A

Lymphocytes
Monocytes

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56
Q

Lymphocyte abundance

A

20-25%

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57
Q

Lymphocyte function

A

specific immunity against pathogens

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58
Q

Lymphocyte types

A

T lymphocyte
B lymphocyte

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59
Q

B Lymphocyte function

A

develop into plasma cells(secrete antibodies)

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60
Q

Lymphocyte distinguishing features

A

large nucleus
little cytoplasm

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61
Q

Monocyte abundance

A

3-8%

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62
Q

Monocyte function

A

Phagocytosis

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63
Q

Monocyte distinguishing features

A

large
horseshoe-shaped nucleus
may have vacuoles

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64
Q

secondary function/ability of Monocytes

A

can migrate from blood to tissues(Macrophages)

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65
Q

What are Platelets

A

fractions of megakaryocytes

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66
Q

Platelets distinguishing features

A

small
no nucleus

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67
Q

platelet function

A

clotting

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68
Q

what is a blood smear differential

A

stained blood smear

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69
Q

how to use a blood smear differential

A

count 100 WBCs and get %s of each type of WBC

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70
Q

Function of heart

A

pump blood

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71
Q

the heart starts pumping before/after birth

A

before

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72
Q

Cardiology

A

the study of the heart

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73
Q

where is the heart located

A

in the mediastinum
rests on diaphragm

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74
Q

the heart is angled slightly right/left

A

left (NOT ON LEFT SIDE)

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75
Q

apex of heart

A

inferior, pointed end

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76
Q

base of heart

A

superior, broader region

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77
Q

Pericardium function

A

surrounds and protects heart

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78
Q

2 layers of pericardium

A

fibrous pericardium
serous pericardium

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79
Q

fibrous pericardium is superficial/deep

A

superficial

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80
Q

serous pericardium is superficial/deep

A

deep

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81
Q

fibrous pericardium function

A

anchors heart to mediastinum

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82
Q

serous pericardium function

A

double layer around heart

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83
Q

3 layers of heart wall (superficial->deep)

A

Epicardium
Myocardium
Endocardium

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84
Q

Epicardium tissue type(s)

A

Simple squamous epithelium
Areolar CT
Adipose Tissue

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85
Q

Myocardium is the thickest/thinnest layer of the heart

A

thickest

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86
Q

Myocardium tissue type(s)

A

cardiac muscle tissue

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87
Q

myocardium function

A

pumping

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88
Q

Endocardium tissue type(s)

A

endothelium
connective tissue

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89
Q

endocardium function

A

smooth lining for chambers of heart

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90
Q

2 types of blood vessels

A

arteries
veins

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91
Q

function of arteries

A

move blood away from the heart

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92
Q

function of veins

A

move blood to the heart

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93
Q

what are auricles

A

anterior part of atria (ear)

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94
Q

auricles function

A

hold excessive blood

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95
Q

what are sulci

A

invaginations

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96
Q

3 sulci examples

A

coronary sulcus
anterior interventricular suclus
posterior interventricular sulcus

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97
Q

coronary sulcus location

A

between atria and ventricles

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98
Q

anterior interventricular sulcus location

A

between ventricles on anterior side

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99
Q

posterior interventricular sulcus location

A

between ventricles on posterior side

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100
Q

valve function

A

prevent backflow of blood

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101
Q

4 valves

A

trucuspid valve
bicuspid valve
pulmonary semilunar valve
aortic semilunar valve

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102
Q

atrioventricular valve location

A

between atria/ventricles

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103
Q

2 atrioventricular valves

A

tricuspid
bicuspid

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104
Q

2 semilunar valve

A

pulmonary
aortic

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105
Q

Fibrous skeleton purpose

A

anchor valves in place

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106
Q

fibrous skeleton location

A

between ventricles and atria

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107
Q

blood flows through the heart ___directionally

A

unidirectionally

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108
Q

to what 2 locations is blood pumped

A

lungs (deoxygenated)
body (oxygenated)

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109
Q

2 types of circulation

A

pulomary circulation
systemic circulation

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110
Q

pulmonary circulation function

A

pumps deoxygenated blood to lungs
(R. Atrium -> Lungs)

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111
Q

Systemic circulation function

A

pumps oxygenated blood to rest of body/body systems
(L. Atrium -> entrance of R. Atrium)

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112
Q

Which 3 veins bring deoxygenated blood to R. Atrium

A

Superior vena cava
Inferior vena cava
coronary sinus

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113
Q

superior vena cava gets blood from where

A

head/neck
upper limbs

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114
Q

inferior vena cava gets blood from where

A

trunk
lower limbs

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115
Q

coronary sinus gets blood from where

A

heart wall

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116
Q

interatrial septum function

A

prevents mixing of blood

117
Q

pectinate muscles function

A

aid contraction

118
Q

fossa ovalis function

A

remnant of fetal circulation
(no function after birth)

119
Q

what does the Tricuspid valve connect

A

R. Atrium and R. Ventricle

120
Q

Tricuspid Valve structure

A

3 triangular cusps
open downward into R. Ventricle

121
Q

Interventricular septum function

A

thick wall between R/L Ventricles

122
Q

Trabeculae carnae structure

A

irregular muscular ridges

123
Q

how many papillary muscles in R. Ventricle

A

3

124
Q

chordae tendineae structure

A

thin strands of collagen fiber
attach to cusps of tricuspid valve

125
Q

chordae tendineae function

A

prevents tricuspid valve from over-closing

126
Q

Pulmonary semilunar valve divides

A

R. ventricle and pulmonary trunk

127
Q

pulmonary semilunar valve function

A

opens upward into pulmonary trunk

128
Q

pulmonary trunk function

A

carries deoxigenated blood from heart to lungs

129
Q

pulmonary trunk splits into ___

A

right and left pulmonary trunk

130
Q

Lungs function

A

gas exchange
oxygenate blood

131
Q

pulmonary veins function

A

bring oxygenated blood from lungs to heart

132
Q

pulmonary veins are the beginning/end of pulmonary circulation

A

end

133
Q

L. Atrium is the beginning/end of systemic circulation

A

beginning

134
Q

Bicuspid valve alternative names

A

mitral valve
Left AV Valve

135
Q

Tricuspid valve alternative name

A

Right AV Valve

136
Q

bicuspid valve structure

A

2 triangular cusps

137
Q

R. Ventricle has a thick/thin wall

A

thick

138
Q

how many papillary muscles does the R. Ventricle have

A

2

139
Q

Aortic semilunar valve location

A

between L. Ventricle and Aorta

140
Q

Coronary circulation function

A

heart’s (mini) circulatory system

141
Q

2 parts of coronary circulation function

A

coronary arteries
coronary veins

142
Q

coronary arteries function

A

bring oxygenated blood to heart walls

143
Q

coronary veins function

A

bring deoxygenated blood away from heart walls

144
Q

How is the cardiac conduction system regulated

A

authorhythmic

145
Q

autorhythmic cells function

A

repeatedly and rhythmically generate electrical impulses

146
Q

where are electrical impulses initiated from in the cardiac conduction system

A

sinoatrial node (SA Node)

147
Q

SA Node function

A

sets rhythm for heart contraction
(natural pacemaker)

148
Q

Cardiac System Pathway

A

1) SA Node create electrical impulse
2) both atria(atrial contraction)
3) Atrioventricular Node
4) AV Bundle
5) R/L bundle branches
6) Purkinje Fibers(ventricular contraction)

149
Q

Atrioventricular Node function

A

briefly holds the electrical impulse

150
Q

AV Bundle alternative name

A

bundle of HIS

151
Q

blood vessels function

A

carry blood to/away from heart

152
Q

3 types of blood vessels

A

arteries
capillaries
veins

153
Q

arteries function

A

carry freshly oxygenated blood away from heart

154
Q

capillaries function

A

site of nutrient/waste exchange

155
Q

veins function

A

carry blood to heart

156
Q

arteries give rise to ___

A

capillaries

157
Q

capillaries give rise to ___

A

veins

158
Q

3 major layers of blood vessels
(internal -> external)

A

tunica interna
tunica media
tunica externa

159
Q

tunica interna is/isnt in direct contact with blood

A

is

160
Q

tunica media is/isn’t in direct contact with blood

A

isn’t

161
Q

tunica externa is/isn’t in direct conact with blood

A

isn’t

162
Q

3 layers of tunica interna
(innermost -> outermost)

A

endothelium
basement membrane
internal elastic membrane

163
Q

Tunica media composition

A

smooth muscle
elastic fibers

164
Q

function of smooth muscle in tunica media

A

constriction/dilation

165
Q

function of elastic fibers in tunica media

A

stretch and recoil

166
Q

tunica externa composition

A

areolar CT

167
Q

as ARTERIES move blood away from heart:
DIAMETER ___

A

decreases

168
Q

as ARTERIES move blood away from heart:
ELASTIC FIBERS ___

A

decrease

169
Q

as ARTERIES move blood away from heart:
SMOOTH MUSCLE ___

A

increases

170
Q

as ARTERIES move blood away from heart:
NUMBER ___

A

increases

171
Q

as ARTERIES move blood away from heart:
BLOOD PRESSURE ___

A

decreases

172
Q

3 types of arteries
(closest -> farthest from heart)

A

elastic arteries
muscular arteries
arterioles

173
Q

elastic arteries anatomy

A

largest
thin vessel wall
thick tunica media(many elastic fibers)

174
Q

elastic arteries function

A

propel blood forward while ventricles relax

175
Q

muscular arteries anatomy

A

medium size
thick walls
tunica media(smooth muscle)

176
Q

muscular arteries function

A

distributing arteries

177
Q

Arterioles anatomy

A

smallest artery(not BV)
tunica media(smallest and thinnest)

178
Q

arterioles function

A

control blood flow to capillaries

179
Q

there are many/few capillaries

A

many

180
Q

capillaries function

A

site of nutrient waste/exchange

181
Q

capillary structure

A

only tunica interna
(1 layer of endothelium + basement memb.)

182
Q

Capillary beds

A

network of capillaries

183
Q

functional unit of the circulatory system

A

capillary beds

184
Q

precapillary sphinctors tissue type

A

smooth muscle cells

185
Q

what happens when precapillary sphinctors are relaxed

A

open - blood flows into capillary

186
Q

what happens when precapillary sphinctors are contracted

A

closed - prevents blood flow into capillary

187
Q

throughfare channel

A

connects metarteriole to postcapillary venule

188
Q

mitrocirculation

A

metarteriole -> capillaries -> postcapillary venule

189
Q

3 types of capillaries

A

continuous
fenestrated
sinusoid

190
Q

continuous capillaries tissue type

A

simple squamous cells

191
Q

how are continuous capillaries connected

A

tight junctions

192
Q

identifying feature of fenestrated capillaries

A

small holes

193
Q

function of fenestrated capillaries

A

allow fluid exchange

194
Q

identifying feature of sinusoid capillaries

A

gaps

195
Q

function of sinusoid capillaries

A

transport large molecules/cells

196
Q

portal system function

A

passes blood from one capillary network directly to another capillary network

197
Q

example of portal system

A

hepatic portal system

198
Q

veins functions

A

drain capillaries
return blood to heart
blood resovoirs

199
Q

veins go with/against gravity

A

against

200
Q

2 types of veins
(smallest -> largest)

A

venules
veins

201
Q

venules are the companion of ___

A

arterioles

202
Q

postcapillary venules function

A

recieve blood from capillaries

203
Q

veins are the companion of ___

A

muscular/elastic arteries

204
Q

veins have thin/thick walls

A

thin

205
Q

veins must work with/against low pressure

A

against

206
Q

How do veins overcome gravity/low pressure

A

valves
skeletal muscle pump

207
Q

valves function(s)

A

prevent blood pooling
close -> stop blood from moving down

208
Q

skeletal muscle pump function(s)

A

1) skeletal muscle contracts(enlarges)
2) veins vasoconstrict
3) decreased volume
4) increased pressure
5) push blood up to next valve

209
Q

Vascular (venous) sinus anatomy

A

thin endothelial wall
no smooth muscle

210
Q

superficial veins anatomy

A

subcutaneous tissue

211
Q

deep veins anatomy

A

below fascia, between skeletal muscles

212
Q

Fetal circulation

A

circulatory system of fetus

213
Q

placenta role in fetal circulation

A

allows exchange of materials between fetal and maternal circulation

214
Q

umbilical vein role in fetal circulation

A

brings blood to fetal heart

215
Q

umbilical arteries role in fetal circulation

A

bring blood from fetus to placenta

216
Q

why is fetal circulation necess

A

fetus doesn’t have:
1) access to air
2) functional lungs
3) fully functional digestive/urinary systems

217
Q

Pathogen

A

disease-causing microbe

218
Q

2 types of immunity

A

innate
adaptive

219
Q

innate immunity

A

defenses present at birth

220
Q

qualities of innate immunity

A

rapid response
non-specific
no memory response

221
Q

adaptive immunity

A

defenses aquired after birth

222
Q

qualities of adaptive immunity

A

slower response
specific
memory response

223
Q

lymphatic system

A

circulates body fluids and aids in immunity

224
Q

functions of lymphatic system

A

drains excess interstitial fluid (into blood)
transports dietary lipids
production/maturation of lymphocytes
generates immune response

225
Q

3 parts to generating immune responses

A

foreign antigens (cell name tag)
t lymphocytes (cellular response)
b lymphocytes (antibody production)

226
Q

3 parts of lymphatic system

A

lymphatic fluid
lymphatic vessels
lymphatic organs

227
Q

lymphatic fluid

A

clear fluid

228
Q

lymphatic fluid composition

A

water
antibodies
lymphocytes

229
Q

lymphatic capillaries

A

dead end vessels between cells

230
Q

lymphatic capillaries are larger/smaller than blood capillaries

A

larger

231
Q

fluid only flows in/out of lymphatic capillaries

A

in

232
Q

anchoring filaments

A

shut door in lymphatic capillaries after fluid enters

233
Q

specialized lymphatic capillaries in GI tract

A

lacteals

234
Q

lacteal function

A

carry dietary lipids

235
Q

lacteal color

A

creamy white - chyle

236
Q

Lymphatic Vessels have thinner/thicker walls and more/less vales than veins

A

thicker
more

237
Q

lymphatic vessels locations

A

skin’s subcutaneous tissue
viscera (follow arteries, form plexuses)

238
Q

lymphatic vessels function

A

carry lymphatic fluid to lymph nodes

239
Q

lymph nodes contain ___

A

T and B Lymphocytes

240
Q

2 types of lymphatic vessels

A

afferent vessels
efferent vessels

241
Q

afferent vessels

A

bring lymphatic fluid to lymph nodes

242
Q

efferent vessels

A

exit lymph nodes

243
Q

lymphatic trunks merge to form ___

A

lymphatic ducts

244
Q

jugular trunks

A

drain lymphatic fluid from head and neck

245
Q

subclavian trunks

A

drain lymphatic fluid from upper lymbs

246
Q

bronchomediastinal trunks

A

drain lymphatic fluid from thoracic wall, lung, and heart

247
Q

lumbar trunks

A

drain lymphatic fluid from lower limbs, pelvis, kidneys, and abdominal wall

248
Q

intestinal trunk

A

drain lymphatic fluid from intestines, stomach, pancreas, and spleen

249
Q

right lymphatic duct

A

drain lymphatic fluid into junction of R. internal jugular vein and R. subclavian vein

250
Q

thoracic duct

A

drain lymphatic fluid into junction of L internal jugular vein and L subclavian vein

251
Q

lymphatic fluid flows as result of

A

respiratory pump
skeletal muscle pump

252
Q

how does a respiratory pump move lymphatic fluid

A

respiratory movements

253
Q

how does a skeletal muscle pump move lymphatic fluid

A

skeletal muscle contractions

254
Q

2 types of lymphatic organs

A

primary lymphatic organs
secondary lymphatic organs

255
Q

primary lymphatic organs are where immune cells ___

A

are produced
become immunocompetant

256
Q

2 primary lymphatic organs

A

Red bone marrow
thymus

257
Q

red bone marrow location

A

epiphyses of long bones

258
Q

red bone marrow function

A

hemopoiesis

259
Q

where do B lymphocytes mature

A

red bone marrow

260
Q

thymus location

A

superior mediastinum

261
Q

thymus function

A

T lymphocyte maturation

262
Q

what atrophies with age

A

thymus

263
Q

how many lobes does the thymus have

A

2

264
Q

inward extension of connective tissue capsule surrounding lobes of thymus

A

trabeculae

265
Q

what do trabeculae divide into

A

lobules

266
Q

lobules of the thymus

A

outer cortex
inner medulla

267
Q

cells of thymic lobule outer cortex

A

immature T lymphocytes
dentritic cells
epithelial cells
thymic hormones
macrophages

268
Q

cells of thymic lobule inner medulla

A

mature T lymphocytes
epithelial cells
macrophages

269
Q

where do immune cells function

A

secondary lymphatic organs

270
Q

2 secondary lymphatic organs

A

spleen
lymph nodes

271
Q

spleen location

A

left hypochondriac region

272
Q

spleen function

A

combs blood for pathogens

273
Q

white pulp of spleen composition

A

white blood cells

274
Q

white pulp of spleen function

A

immune responses

275
Q

red pulp of spleen composition

A

red blood cells
platelets
white blood cells

276
Q

red pulp of spleen function

A

dispose of old red blood cells
platelet storage
hemopoiesis in fetus

277
Q

shape of lymph nodes

A

bean-shaped

278
Q

many clusters of lymph nodes are found in ___

A

axillary region
inguinal region
cervical region

279
Q

lymphatic nodules

A

clusters of B lymphocytes

280
Q

germinal center contains

A

b lymphocytes
dentritic cells
macrophages

281
Q

inner cortex of lymph node contains

A

t lymphocytes
dentritic cells

282
Q

medulla of lymph node contains

A

b cells
plasma cells
macrophages

283
Q

flow of lymphatic fluid through lymph node

A

afferent lymphatic vessel
subscapular sinus
trabecular sinus
medullary sinus
efferent lymphatic vessel

284
Q

other locations of lymphatic nodules

A

mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue
tonsils

285
Q

mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue

A

lymphatic nodules lining mucous membranes of:
GI tract
urinary/genital tracts
intestinal tract

286
Q

mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue in GI Tract

A

peyer’s patches

287
Q

tonsils location

A

in pharynx

288
Q

tonsils function

A

trap inhaled/ingested pathogens

289
Q

3 types of tonsils

A

pharyngeal
palatine
lingual

Anatomy - Spring 2024 (12 decks)

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