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Anatomy - Spring 2024 > Unit 2 Exam > Flashcards

Unit 2 Exam Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 different muscles of respiration

A

scalenes
external intercostals
internal intercostals
diaphragm

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2
Q

What is the origin for scalenes

A

vertebrae

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3
Q

what is the insertion for scalenes

A

ribs

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4
Q

what are the functions of scalenes

A

elevates ribs
flexes/rotates neck

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5
Q

what is the origin of external intercostals

A

ribs

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6
Q

what is the insertion of external intercostals

A

ribs

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7
Q

what is the function of external intercostals

A

elevate ribs during inhalation

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8
Q

what is the origin of internal intercostals

A

ribs

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9
Q

what is the insertion of internal intercostals

A

ribs

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10
Q

what is the function of internal intercostals

A

depresses ribs during exhalation

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11
Q

what are the origins of the diaphragm

A

ribs
sternum
lumbar vertebrae

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12
Q

what is the insertion of the diaphragm

A

central tendon of diaphragm

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13
Q

what are the functions of the diaphragm

A

inhalation
exhalation

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14
Q

what are the 3 muscles of the abdominal wall

A

external oblique
internal oblique
transversus abdominis

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15
Q

what is the function of the external oblique

A

flexes vertebral column

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16
Q

what is the function of the internal oblique

A

flexes vertebral column

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17
Q

what is the function of transversus abdominis

A

`compress abdominal contents

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18
Q

what is the name of the muscle that moves the pectoral girdle

A

serratus anterior

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19
Q

what is the function of serratus anterior

A

protraction of scapula

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20
Q

what is the origin of serratus anterior

A

ribs

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21
Q

what is the insertion of serratus anterior

A

scapula

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22
Q

What are the 3 muscles that move the glenohumeral joint

A

latissimus dorsi
pectoralis major
deltoid

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23
Q

what are the origins of latissimus dorsi

A

vertebrae
sacrum
ilium
ribs

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24
Q

what is the insertion of latissimus dorsi

A

humerus

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25
Q

what are the functions of latissimus dorsi

A

extends, abducts, and medially rotates arm at shoulder joint

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26
Q

what are the origins of pectoralis major

A

clavicle
sternum
ribs

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27
Q

what is the insertion of pectoralis major

A

humerus

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28
Q

what are the functions of pectoralis major

A

adducts arm
medially rotates arm

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29
Q

what are the origins of deltoid

A

scapula
clavicle

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30
Q

what is the insertion of deltoid

A

humerus

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31
Q

what is the function of deltoid

A

abducts arm

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32
Q

what are the 5 muscles that move the elbow/forearm

A

biceps brachii
brachialis
triceps brachii
pronator teres
supinator

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33
Q

what is the origin of biceps brachii

A

scapula

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34
Q

what is the insertion of biceps brachii

A

radius

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35
Q

what are the functions of biceps brachii

A

flexes and supinates forearm

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36
Q

what is the origin of brachialis

A

humerus

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37
Q

what is the insertion of brachialis

A

ulna

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38
Q

what is the function of brachialis

A

flexes forearm

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39
Q

what are the origins of triceps brachii

A

scapula
humerus

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40
Q

what is the insertion of triceps brachii

A

ulna

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41
Q

what is the function of triceps brachii

A

extends forearm

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42
Q

what are the origins of pronator teres

A

humerus
ulna

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43
Q

what is the insertion of pronator teres

A

radius

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44
Q

what is the function of pronator teres

A

pronates forearm

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45
Q

what are the origins of supinator

A

humerus
ulna

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46
Q

what is the insertion of supinator

A

radius

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47
Q

what is the function of supinator

A

supinates forearm

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48
Q

what are the 3 muscles that move the hip joint/thigh (1)

A

rectus femoris
tensor fasciae latae
gluteus maximus

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49
Q

what is the origin for rectus femoris

A

ilium

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50
Q

what are the insertions for rectus femoris

A

patella
tibia

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51
Q

what are the functions of rectus femoris

A

extends knee
flexes thigh

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52
Q

what is the origin for tensor fasciae latae

A

ilium

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53
Q

what is the insertion for tensor fasciae latae

A

iliotibial tract

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54
Q

what are the functions for tensor fasciae latae

A

flexes and abducts thigh

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55
Q

what is the origin of gluteus maximus

A

ilium

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56
Q

what is the insertion of gluteus maximus

A

femur

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57
Q

what is the function of gluteus maximus

A

extends thigh

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58
Q

what are the 6 muscles that move the hip joint/thigh (2)

A

adductor brevis
adductor longus
adductor magnus
biceps femoris
semimembranosus
semitendinosus

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59
Q

what are the functions of adductor brevis

A

adducts and rotates thigh

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60
Q

what are the functions of adductor longus

A

adducts and flexes thigh

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61
Q

what are the functions of adductor magnus

A

adducts and rotates thigh

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62
Q

what are the functions of biceps femoris

A

extends thigh
flexes knee

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63
Q

what are the functions of semimembranosus

A

extends thigh
flexes knee

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64
Q

what are the functions of semitendinosus

A

extends thigh
flexes knee

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65
Q

what is the muscle that moves the knee joint and leg

A

gastrocnemius

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66
Q

what is the origin for gastrocnemius

A

femur

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67
Q

what is the insertion for gastrocnemius

A

calcaneus

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68
Q

what are the functions for gastrocnemius

A

plantar flexes foot
flexes leg

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69
Q

what two kinds of structures make up the skeletal system

A

bone
cartilage

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70
Q

what is cartilage

A

semi-rigid connective tissue

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71
Q

cartilage is vascular/avascular

A

avascular

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72
Q

what 2 kinds of cells are found in cartilage

A

chondroblasts
chondrocytes (in lacunae)

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73
Q

what do chondroblasts create

A

cartilage

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74
Q

what are the functions of cartilage

A

support structures
cushion joints
precursor model for bone growth

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75
Q

what are the 3 kinds of cartilage found in the body

A

hyaline cartilage
fibrocartilage
elastic cartilage

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76
Q

hyaline cartilage is the most/least common

A

most common

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77
Q

hyaline cartilage is the strongest/weakest

A

weakest

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78
Q

locations of hyaline cartilage

A

fetal skeleton
ends of articulating bones
trachea

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79
Q

what is fibrocartilage made of

A

densely interwoven collagen fibers

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80
Q

fibrocartilage is durable/fragile

A

durable

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81
Q

where is fibrocartilage found

A

intervertebral discs
pubic symphasis
meniscus of knee

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82
Q

what is elastic cartilage made of

A

elastic fibers

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83
Q

elastic cartilage is very/not very cellular

A

very cellular

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84
Q

where is elastic cartilage found

A

epiglottis
external ear

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85
Q

what is a bone

A

an organ with many tissue types

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86
Q

what are bones primarily made of

A

bone tissue (osseus)

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87
Q

bones are vascular/avascular

A

vascular

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88
Q

how to bones get their strength

A

calcification

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89
Q

what is calcification

A

adding calcium to bones in order to make them stronger

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90
Q

What are the 5 functions of bone

A

support
protection
movement
hemopoiesis
storage

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91
Q

what is hemopoiesis

A

formation of blood cells

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92
Q

where does hemopoiesis occur

A

red bone marrow

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93
Q

what things are stored in the bone

A

minerals (Calcium, Phosphate)
triglycerides

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94
Q

where are triglycerides stored in the bone

A

yellow bone marrow

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95
Q

what are the 4 types of bones

A

long bones
short bones
flat bones
irregular bones

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96
Q

what is the shape of long bones

A

more long than wide

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97
Q

examples of long bones

A

upper/lower limbs
finger/toes

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98
Q

what is the shape of short bones

A

equal length and width

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99
Q

examles of short bones

A

carpals/tarsals
sesamoid bones(patella)

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100
Q

what are the shape of flat bones

A

thin
flat
curved

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101
Q

examples of flat bones

A

cranial bones
scapula
sternum

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102
Q

what is the shape of irregular bones

A

other/complex shapes
(if not clearly in another category it goes here)

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103
Q

examples of irregular bones

A

vertebrae
sacrum
ossa coxae

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104
Q

What are the 5 main anatomical features of long bones

A

diaphysis
epiphyses
metaphyses
articular cartilage
medullary cavity

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105
Q

what is the function of the diaphysis

A

leverage
weight bearing

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106
Q

what does epiphysis mean

A

ends

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107
Q

what are the functions of the epiphyses

A

surface area for joints
attachment site

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108
Q

where is the metaphyses found

A

between diaphysis and epiphyses

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109
Q

what does the metaphyses contain

A

epiphyseal plate

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110
Q

what is the epiphyseal plate made of

A

hyaline cartilage

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111
Q

what happens to the epiphyseal plate

A

it is replaced by bone and then becomes the epiphyseal line

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112
Q

where is articular cartilage found on long bones

A

at the ends

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113
Q

what is articular cartilage made of

A

hyaline cartilage

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114
Q

what are the functions of articular cartilage

A

reduces friction
shock absorber

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115
Q

what does the medullary cavity contain

A

yellow bone marrow
red bone marrow

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116
Q

what is the periosteum

A

outside layer of the bone

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117
Q

what is the periosteum made of

A

dense irregular connective tissue

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118
Q

what are the two layers of the periosteum

A

outer fibrous layer
inner cellular layer

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119
Q

what is the outer fibrous layer of the periosteum made of

A

collagen fibers

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120
Q

what can the inner cellular layer of the periosteum do

A

osteogenic - can form new bone

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121
Q

how is the periosteum attached

A

via perforating fibers

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122
Q

what is the endosteum of a long bone

A

internal surfaces of a bone

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123
Q

what is the endosteum made of

A

dense irregular connective tissue

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124
Q

what does the endosteum contain

A

bone cells

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125
Q

ID A

A

Red bone marrow

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126
Q

ID B

A

epiphyses

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127
Q

ID C

A

metaphysis

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128
Q

ID D

A

diaphysis

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129
Q

ID E

A

Medullary Cavity

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130
Q

ID F

A

yellow bone marrow

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131
Q

ID G

A

articular cartilage

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132
Q

What are the four types of bone cells

A

osteoprogenitor cells
osteoblasts
osteocytes
osteoclasts

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133
Q

what do osteoprogenitor cells turn into

A

osteoblasts

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134
Q

osteoprogenitor cell function

A

will become bone cells

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135
Q

osteoprogenitor cell anatomy

A

flat
wide
one nucleus

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136
Q

what do osteoblasts turn into

A

osteocytes

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137
Q

osteoblasts function

A

build bone

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138
Q

how do osteoblasts complete their function

A

secreting osteoid

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139
Q

osteoblasts anatomy

A

single nucleus
cuboidal

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140
Q

osteocytes functions

A

maintain metabolism
communicate

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141
Q

osteocytes anatomy

A

osteoblasts trapped in lacunae

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142
Q

osteoclasts are related/not related to osteocytes

A

not related

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143
Q

osteoclasts function

A

bone resorption(breakdown)

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144
Q

how to osteoclasts complete their function

A

secrete HCl which breaks down bones and puts calcium into blood

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145
Q

osteoclasts anatomy

A

large
multinucleated

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146
Q

what are the 2 major classes of bone tissue

A

compact bone
spongy bone

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147
Q

what are the other names for compact bone

A

dense bone
cortical bone

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148
Q

where is compact bone found

A

external surfaces of long and flat bones

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149
Q

what are the major characteristics of compact bone

A

solid
dense
good at protection

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150
Q

what is the structural and functional unit of compact bone

A

osteon

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151
Q

where is the central canal found in the osteon

A

center
(tree trunk)

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152
Q

what 3 things does the central canal of an osteon hold

A

holds blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, nerves

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153
Q

what are the 3 kinds of lamellae

A

concentric lamellae
circumferential lamellae
interstitial lamellae

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154
Q

where is concentric lamellae found in regard to an osteon

A

rings around central canals

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155
Q

where is circumferential lamellae found in regard to an osteon

A

surround entire circumference of osteon

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156
Q

what is interstitial lamellae

A

fragments of old osteons

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157
Q

what is a lacunae of an osteon

A

small spaces between concentric lamellae

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158
Q

where are osteocytes found in an osteon

A

within lacunae

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159
Q

what are the functions of canaliculi in osteons

A

connect adjacent lacunae
promote interaction between osteocytes

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160
Q

how do canaliculi promote interaction between osteocytes

A

allow for communication between them
create physical passageways

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161
Q

where are perforating canals found

A

transverse periosteum
(transversely connects central canals)

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162
Q

what do perforating canals carry

A

blood vessels
lymphatics
nerves

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163
Q

what are the other names for spongy bone

A

trabecular bone
cancellous bone

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164
Q

where is spongy bone found in long bones

A

internal to dense bone

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165
Q

spongy bone is more/less dense than dense bone

A

less

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166
Q

spongy bone does/does not have osteons

A

does not

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167
Q

what is spongy bone made of

A

trabeculae

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168
Q

what is interstitial growth of bones

A

growth in length

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169
Q

what is appositional growth of bones

A

growth in thickness

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170
Q

what is ossification

A

formation of bone

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171
Q

when does ossification begin

A

during embryonic period

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172
Q

what are the two general patterns of ossification

A

intramembranous ossification
endochondral ossification

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173
Q

what is formed during intramembranous ossification

A

skull and clavicles

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174
Q

what is formed during endochondral ossification

A

everything but skull and clavicles

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175
Q

what are the 4 steps of intramembranous ossification

A

1) ossification center forms
2) osteoid undergoes calcification
3) trabeculae form
4) compact bone and periosteum form

176
Q

what happens during the first step of intramembranous ossification

A

osteoblasts secrete osteoid appositionally

177
Q

what happens during the second step of intramembranous ossification

A

traps osteoblasts in lacunae where they become osteocytes

178
Q

what are the 7 steps of endochondral ossification

A

1) hyaline cartilage model develops
2) hyaline cartilage model grows
3) cartilage extracellular matric calcifies
4) primary ossification center forms in diaphysis
5) secondary ossification center forms in epiphyses
6) articular cartilage covers epiphyses and epiphyseal plate
7) bone replaces eiphyseal plate

179
Q

what happens during the first step of endochondral ossification

A
  • chondroblasts secrete cartilage
  • perichondrium develops around hyaline cartilage model
180
Q

what happens during the second step of endochondral ossification

A
  • chondroblasts become chondrocytes
  • chondrocytes divide and secrete cartilage interstitially
181
Q

what happens during the third step of endochondral ossification

A
  • chondrocytes die
  • osteocytes in lacunae
182
Q

what happens during the fourth step of endochondral ossification

A
  • osteoblasts secred osteoid interstitially
  • perichondrium becomes periosteum
183
Q

what happens during the fifth step of endochondral ossification

A

osteoblasts secrete osteoid appositionally

184
Q

what is bone remodeling

A

continual formation of new bone and resorption of old bone

185
Q

what does bone remodeling do

A

helps maintain calcium and phosphate levels

186
Q

how is bone remodeling stimulated

A

stress on bone or hormones

187
Q

how does bone remodeling change with age

A

decreases in frequency as age increases

188
Q

what is the ratio of bone formation vs bone resorption for those before and throughout puberty

A

formation > resorption

189
Q

what is the ratio of bone formation vs bone resorption for young adults

A

formation = resorption

190
Q

what is the ratio of bone formation vs bone resorption for older adults

A

formation < resorption

191
Q

what happens to bones as they age (2)

A
  • lose ability to produce collagen
  • lose calcium and other minerals
192
Q

what happens due to bones losing their ability to produce collagen with age

A

brittle bones

193
Q

what happens due to bones losing calcium and other minerals

A

thinner, weaker bones
potential osteoperosis

194
Q

what is osteoperosis

A

decrease in bone density

195
Q

how many bones are there in the human body

A

206

196
Q

what are the 6 types of bones of the axial skeleton

A

skull bones
auditory ossicles
hyoid
vertebral column
sternum
ribs

197
Q

what are the functions of cranial bones

A

protect brain
attachment sites

198
Q

what are the functions of facial bones

A
  • framework for face
  • protect and support entrances to digestive/respiratory systems
  • attachment site for facial muscles
199
Q

what are the 4 unique structures of the skull

A

nasal septum
sutures
paranasal sinuses
fontanels

200
Q

what is the function of the nasal septum

A

divides nasal cavity into R/L sides

201
Q

what are the 3 components of the nasal septum

A

vomer
perpendicular plate
septal cartilage

202
Q

ID area

A

nasal cavity

203
Q

ID A

A

septal cartilage

204
Q

ID B

A

Vomer

205
Q

ID C

A

perpendicular plate

206
Q

what are cranial sutures

A

immovable joins between skull bones

207
Q

what is the function of cranial sutures

A

hold skull bones together

208
Q

what are paranasal sinuses

A

cavities near nasal cavity

209
Q

what are paranasal sinuses lined with

A

mucus membranes

210
Q

what are the functions of paranasal sinuses

A

lighten skull
intensify and prolong sounds

211
Q

where are the paranasal sinuses located

A

frontal bone
sphenoid bone
ethmoid bone
maxillae

212
Q

what are fontanels

A

dense CT between incompletely developed cranial bones at birth

213
Q

what are the functions of fontanels

A
  • spacers for growth of neighboring skull bones
  • flexibility in fetal skull
214
Q

what are the 4 fontanels

A

anterior fontanel
posterior fontanel
anterolateral fontanel
posterolateral fontanel

215
Q

what does the anterior fontanel connect

A

parietal bones and frontal bone

216
Q

what does the posterior fontanel connect

A

parietal bones and occipital bone

217
Q

what does the anterolateral fontanel connect

A

frontal, parietal, temporal, and sphenoid bones

218
Q

what does the posterolateral fontanel connect

A

parietal, occipital, and temporal bones

219
Q

what does the vertebral column enclose

A

spinal cord

220
Q

what are the functions of the vertebral column

A

protects spinal cord
supports head
point of attachment for many structures

221
Q

what are intervertebral discs

A

discs found betwen vertebrae composed of fibrocartilage

222
Q

what are the functions of intervertebral discs

A

form strong joints
allow movement of vertebral column
absorb vertical shock

223
Q

what are the functions of the thoracic cage

A

encloses/protects organs in thoracic cavity
supports upper limbs
breathing

224
Q

how many ribs are there

A

12 pairs

225
Q

what are the 2 kinds of ribs

A

true ribs
false ribs

226
Q

what are true ribs

A

ribs directly attached to sternum

227
Q

how are true ribs connected to the sternum

A

costal cartilages

228
Q

which ribs are true ribs

A

1-7

229
Q

what are false ribs

A

ribs where the costal cartilages attach indirectly to sternum or not at all

230
Q

which ribs are false ribs

A

8-12

231
Q

what are floating ribs

A

ribs that don’t connect to sternum at all

232
Q

which ribs are floating ribs

A

11-12

233
Q

what bones make up the pectoral girdle

A

clavicle
scapula

234
Q

what does the pectoral girdle do

A

attaches bones of free upper limb to axial skeleton

235
Q

what bones make up the pelvic girdle

A

paired ossa coxae

236
Q

what does the pelvic girdle do

A

attached bones of free lower limb to axial skeleton

237
Q

how do the two ossa coxae connect both anteriorly and posteriorly

A

ant - pubic symphysis
post - sacrum

238
Q

what is another word for joints

A

articulations

239
Q

what are the 3 ways that joints connect things

A

bone-bone
bone-cartilage
bone-teeth

240
Q

stability and mobility are congruent/inverse

A

inverse

241
Q

what are the 2 ways to classigy joints

A

functional joint classes
structural joint classes

242
Q

what are the 3 functional joint classes

A

synarthroses
amphiarthroses
diarthroses

243
Q

what are synarthroses

A

immovable joints

244
Q

where are synarthroses found

A

axial skeleton

245
Q

what are amphiarthroses

A

slightly movable joints

246
Q

where are amphiarthroses found

A

axial skeleton

247
Q

what are diarthroses

A

freely movable joints

248
Q

where are diathroses found

A

appendicular skeleton

249
Q

what are the 3 structural joint classes

A

fibrous
cartilaginous
synovial

250
Q

what are fibrous joints united by

A

dense irregular CT

251
Q

fibrous joints do/do not have a joint cavity

A

do not

252
Q

fibrous joints make strong/weak connections

A

strong

253
Q

what are the 4 types of fibrous joints

A

sutures
syndesmoses
interosseus membranes
gomphoses

254
Q

what is the functional joint class of sutures

A

synarthroses

255
Q

where are syndesmoses found

A

between parallel bones

256
Q

what is the functional joint class of syndesmoses

A

amphiarthroses

257
Q

where are interosseous membranes found

A

between long bones

258
Q

what is an example of a suture

A

coronal suture

259
Q

what is an example of a sundesmoses

A

distal tibiofibular joint

260
Q

what is an example of interosseous membranes

A

between tibia and fibula

261
Q

what is the functional class of interosseous membranes

A

amphiarthroses

262
Q

where are gomphoses found

A

between teeth and alveolus

263
Q

what is the functional class of gomphoses

A

synarthroses

264
Q

what are cartilaginous joints united by

A

cartilage
(hyaline or fibrocartilage)

265
Q

cartilaginous joints have loose/tight connections

A

tight

266
Q

cartilaginous joints do/do not have joint cavities

A

do not

267
Q

what are the 2 types of cartilaginous joints

A

synchondroses
symphyses

268
Q

what are synchondroses made of

A

hyaline cartilage

269
Q

what is an example of synchondroses

A

epiphyseal plate

270
Q

what is the functional joint class of synchondroses

A

synarthroses

271
Q

what are symphyses made of

A

pad of fibrocartilage

272
Q

what is an example of symphyses

A

intervertebral discs

273
Q

what is the functional class of symphyses

A

amphiarthroses

274
Q

synovial joints do/do not have a joint cavity

A

do

275
Q

what is the functional class of synovial joints

A

diarthroses

276
Q

what are bursae

A

fluid filled structures around some joints

277
Q

what is the function of bursae

A

reduce friction

278
Q

what are tendon sheaths

A

elongated bursae around tendons

279
Q

what is a denton

A

connects bone to muscle

280
Q

what is the function of tendon sheaths

A

reduce friction

281
Q

what are the 4 types of movements at synovial joints

A

gliding
angular
rotational
special

282
Q

what occurs during gliding

A

sliding back and forth or side to side

283
Q

what are the 5 kinds of angular movement

A

flexion
extension
abduction
adduction
circumduction

284
Q

what is flexion

A

decrease angle between articulating bones

285
Q

what is extension

A

increase angle between articulating bones

286
Q

what is circumduction

A

movement in circle

287
Q

what is rotational movement

A

bone turns along longitudinal axis

288
Q

what is medial rotation

A

anterior surface turned toward midline

289
Q

what are the 3 kinds of rotational movement at synovial joints

A

rotation
medial rotation
lateral rotation

290
Q

what is lateral rotation

A

anterior surface turned away from midline

291
Q

what is a depression movement

A

downward movement

292
Q

what is an elevation movement

A

upward movement

293
Q

what is a protraction movement

A

forward movement

294
Q

what is a retraction movement

A

backward movement

295
Q

what is an inversion movement

A

turn bottom of foot toward midline

296
Q

what is an eversion movement

A

turn bottom of food away from midline

297
Q

what is a supination movement

A

movement of forearms so palms face up

298
Q

what is a pronation movement

A

movement of forearms so palms face down

299
Q

what is an opposition movement

A

brings tip of thumb in contact with tips of fingers

300
Q

what are the 6 kinds of synovial joints

A

plane joints
hinge joints
pivot joints
condyloid joints
saddle joints
ball and socket joints

301
Q

what are the articular surfaces of plane joints

A

flat planes

302
Q

what movement occurs at plane joints

A

gliding

303
Q

example of plane joints

A

joints in carpals and tarsals

304
Q

what is a hinge joint

A

convex surface of one bone fits into concave surface of another bone

305
Q

movement that occurs at hinge joints

A

flexion and extension

306
Q

example of hinge joint

A

elbow

307
Q

what is a pivot joint

A

round surface held in place by ligaments

308
Q

movement that occurs at pivot joints

A

pronate/supinate

309
Q

example of pivot joint

A

radioulnar joint

310
Q

condyloid joint

A

oval-shaped projection of one bone fits into oval-shaped depression of another bone

311
Q

movements that occur at condyloid joints

A

flexion/extension
abduction/adduction

312
Q

example of condyloid joints

A

radiocarpal joint

313
Q

saddle joints

A

articular surface of one bone is saddle shaped, articular surface of anothe bone fits in saddle

314
Q

movements at saddle joints

A

abduction/adduction
flexion/extension

315
Q

example of saddle joints

A

first carpometacarpal joint

316
Q

ball and socket joints

A

ball-like surface of one bone fits into socket of another bone

317
Q

movements at ball and socket joints

A

abduction/adduction
flexion/extension
rotation

318
Q

example of ball and socket joint

A

hip joint

319
Q

temporomandibular joint location

A

articulation between temporal bone adn mandible

320
Q

temporomandibular joint structural class

A

synovial

321
Q

temporomandibular joint types of joints found there

A

hinge
plane

322
Q

temporomandibular joint functional class

A

diarthroses

323
Q

temporomandibular joint movements

A

depression/elevation
protraction/retraction

324
Q

ligaments found at the temporomandibular joint

A

lateral ligament
sphenomandibular ligament
stylomandibular ligament

325
Q

joints found at the shoulder joint

A

glenohumeral joint
humeroscapular joint

326
Q

shoulder joint function

A

articulation between humerus and scapula

327
Q

shoulder joint structural class

A

synovial

328
Q

shoulder joint type of joint

A

ball and socket

329
Q

shoulder joint functional class

A

diarthroses

330
Q

shoulder joint movements

A

abduction/adduction
flexion/extension
circumduction
medial/lateral rotation

331
Q

ligaments of shoulder joint

A

coracohumeral joint
glenohumeral ligament
transverse humeral ligament

332
Q

elbow joint location

A

articulation between humerus and radius/ulna

333
Q

elbow joint structural class

A

synovial

334
Q

elbow joint type of joint

A

hinge
pivot

335
Q

elbow joint functional class

A

diarthroses

336
Q

elbow joint movements

A

extension/flexion

337
Q

ligaments of elbow joint

A

ulnar collateral ligament
radial collateral ligament
annular ligament

338
Q

hip joint function

A

articulation between pelvic bone and femur

339
Q

hip joint structural class

A

synovial

340
Q

hip joint type of joint

A

ball and socket

341
Q

hip joint functional class

A

diarthroses

342
Q

hip joint movements

A

abduction/adduction
flexion/extension
circumduction
medial/lateral rotation

343
Q

ligaments of hip joint

A

iliofemoral ligament
pubofemoral ligament
ischiofemoral ligament

344
Q

knee joint function

A

articulation between femur, tibia, and patella

345
Q

knee joint structural class

A

synovial

346
Q

knee joint type of joint

A

hinge

347
Q

knee joint functional class

A

diarthroses

348
Q

knee joint movement

A

flexion/extension

349
Q

ligaments of knee joint

A

tibial collateral ligament
fibular collateral ligament
anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)
posterior cruciate ligament (PCL)

350
Q

what does cruciate mean

A

criss-cross

351
Q

what are the 3 types of muscle tissue

A

skeletal
cardiac
smooth

352
Q

what are the functions of muscle tissue

A

produce body movements
stabilize body positions
store and move substances
produce heat
allow breathing

353
Q

what are the 4 characteristics of muscle tissue

A

excitability
contractability
extensability
elasticity

354
Q

what is excitability of muscle tissue

A

ability to respond to stimuli by producing electrical signals

355
Q

what is contractability of muscle tissue

A

ability to contract (shorten)

356
Q

what is extensability of muscle tissue

A

ability to stretch without damage

357
Q

what is elasticity of muscle tissue

A

ability to return to original length/shape after contraction

358
Q

skeletal muscle tissue location

A

attached to bones

359
Q

skeletal muscle tissue function

A

moves bones

360
Q

skeletal muscle tissue is voluntary/involuntary

A

voluntary

361
Q

what is aponeurosis

A

broad, flat sheet of dense regular connective tissue

362
Q

what is the order of skeletal muscle structural organization (superficial->deep)

A

muscle
fascicles
muscle fibers
myofibrils
myofilaments

363
Q

connective tissue coverings location

A

wrap around muscle components

364
Q

connective tissue coverings functions

A

protection
attachment

365
Q

4 types of connective tissue coverings

A

endumysium
perimysium
epimysium
fascia

366
Q

endomysium location

A

surrounds each muscle fiber

367
Q

perimysium location

A

surrounds each muscle fascicle

368
Q

epimysium location

A

surrounds entire muscle

369
Q

fascia location

A

large CT sheet, weaps around group of muscles

370
Q

how are muscle fibers formed

A

fusion of myoblasts during embryonic development

371
Q

how does skeletal muscle grow in utero

A

hyperplasia - increase in cell #

372
Q

how does skeletal muscle grow after birth

A

hypertrophy - increase in size

373
Q

what are satellite cells

A

myoblasts in mature skeletal muscle

374
Q

what is a sarcolemma

A

cell membrane of muscle fiber

375
Q

what is a sarcoplasm

A

cytoplasm of muscle fiber

376
Q

what is the sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

smooth ER of muscle fiber

377
Q

what are transverse tubules(T-tubules)

A

invaginations(turning inside out) of sarcolemma into sarcoplasm

378
Q

what are terminal cisternae

A

sacs at end of sarcoplasmic reticulum that store Calcium ion

379
Q

what does myoglobin do

A

binds O2 in muscle fibers

380
Q

what are the 2 types of myofilaments

A

thin filaments
thick filaments

381
Q

what are thin filaments made of

A

2 twisted strands of actin protein

382
Q

the 2 regulatory proteins in thin filaments

A

tropomyosin
troponin

383
Q

what does tropomyosin do

A

covers actin

384
Q

what does troponin do

A

holds tropomyosin in place

385
Q

what is a sarcomere

A

functional unit of skeletal muscle

386
Q

sarcomeres are/are not contractile

A

are

387
Q

myofilaments do/do not change length

A

do not

388
Q

what is the sliding filament theory

A

muscles contract due to interaction of thick and thin filaments in each sarcomere

389
Q

what is a neuromuscular junction

A

junction between motor neuron and skeletal muscle fiber

390
Q

what is a motor unit

A

single motor neuron and the muscle fibers it controls

391
Q

function of small motor unit

A

precise control of movement

392
Q

function of large motor unit

A

greater strength of contraction

393
Q

what is the synaptic cleft

A

space between synaptic knob and motor end plate

394
Q

what are the 3 types of skeletal muscle fibers

A

slow oxidative fibers (Type I fibers)
fast oxidative-glycolytic fibers (Type IIa)
fast glycolytic fibers (Type IIb)

395
Q

slow oxidative fibers perform aerobic/anaerobic cellular respiration

A

aerobic

396
Q

fast oxidative-glycolytic fibers perform aerobic/anaerobic cellular respiration

A

primarily aerobic
secondarily anaerobic

397
Q

fast glycolytic fibers perform aerobic/anaerobic cellular respiration

A

anaerobic

398
Q

type 1 fibers have high/low myoglobin

A

high

399
Q

type 2a fibers have high/low myoglobin

A

high

400
Q

type 2b fibers have high/low myoglobin

A

low

401
Q

type 1 fibers have many/few mitochondria

A

many

402
Q

type 2a fibers have many/few mitochondria

A

many

403
Q

type 2b fibers have many/few mitochondria

A

few

404
Q

type 1 fibers have high/intermediate/low resistance to fatigue

A

high

405
Q

type 2a fibers have high/intermediate/low resistance to fatigue

A

intermediate

406
Q

type 2b fibers have high/intermediate/low resistance to fatigue

A

low

407
Q

type 1 fibers have a fast/slow speed of contraction

A

slow

408
Q

type 2a fibers have a fast/slow speed of contraction

A

fast

409
Q

type 2b fibers have a fast/slow speed of contraction

A

fast

410
Q

what is the origin of a muscle

A

attachment to non-moving bone

411
Q

what is the insertion of a muscle

A

attachment to moving bone

412
Q

what are the 4 parts of a level system

A

lever
fulcrum
effort
load

413
Q

what is a lever

A

rigid structure that rotates around a fixed point

414
Q

what is a fulcrum

A

fixed point (joint)

415
Q

what is an effort(force)

A

causes movement (muscle contraction)

416
Q

what is a load(resistance)

A

weight the opposes movement (body part attempting to move)

417
Q

what are the 3 types of levers

A

first class levers
second class levers
third class levers

418
Q

first class levers

A

fulcrum in middle

419
Q

second class levers

A

load in middle

420
Q

third class levers

A

effort in middle

421
Q

what is a fascicle

A

bundle of muscle fibers

422
Q

what are the 5 kinds of fascicle arrangements

A

parallel
fusiform
circular
triangular
pennate

423
Q

parallel fascicle arrangement

A

fascicles parallel to long axis of muscle

424
Q

fusiform fascicle arrangement

A

fascicles nearly parallel to long axis of muscle, larger central region, muscle tapers toward tendons

425
Q

circular fascicle arrangement

A

fascicles in concentric, circular arrangements

426
Q

triangular fascicle arrangement

A

fascicles spread over broad area and converge at thick central tendon

427
Q

pennate fascicle arrangement

A

short fascicles, tendon extends almost entire muscle length

428
Q

3 types of pennate fascicle arrangement

A

unipennate
bipennate
multipennate

429
Q

unipennate arrangement

A

fascicles arranged on one side of the tendon

430
Q

bipennate arrangement

A

fascicles arranged on two sides of tendon

431
Q

multipennate arrangement

A

fascicles attach from many directions to several tendons

432
Q

prime mover (agonist)

A

muscle produces specific movement

433
Q

antagonist

A

opposite action of prime mover(agonist)

434
Q

synergist

A

assists prime mover

435
Q

fixators

A

stabilize origin of prime mover

Anatomy - Spring 2024 (12 decks)

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