Final Flashcards

Lecture

1
Q

Respiratory System Functions

A

gas exchange
cas conditioning
protection
vocalization
regulate blood pH

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2
Q

Gas Conditioning

A

warms, moistens, and filters air

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3
Q

2 structural divisions of respiratory system

A

upper respiratory tract
lower respiratory tract

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4
Q

2 functional divisions of the respiratory system

A

conducting zone
respiratory zone

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5
Q

function of conducting zone

A

conducts/conditions air

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6
Q

function of respiratory zone

A

gas exchange

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7
Q

what 3 structures make up the upper respiratory tract

A

paranasal sinuses
nasal cavity
pharynx

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8
Q

Paranasal sinuses SD

A

Upper

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9
Q

Paranasal sinuses FD

A

conducting

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10
Q

Nasal Cavity SD

A

Upper

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11
Q

nasal cavity FD

A

conducting

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12
Q

nasal cavity lining

A

ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium

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13
Q

nasal cavity lining mods

A

goblet cells
cilia

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14
Q

goblet cell function

A

secrete mucus

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15
Q

cilia function

A

move mucus/trapped particles

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16
Q

borders of nasal cavity

A

superior border
inferior border
anterior border
posterior border
lateral border
medial border

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17
Q

superior border of nasal cavity structures

A

olfactory epithelium

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18
Q

inferior border of nasal cavity structures

A

hard palate

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19
Q

anterior border of nasal cavity structures

A

nostrils
nasal vestibules

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20
Q

nasal vestibules lined by ___

A

hairs

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21
Q

posterior border structures

A

choana

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22
Q

lateral border structures

A

conchae
meati

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23
Q

where do meati exist in the nasal cavity

A

in between each concha

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24
Q

medial border structures

A

nasal septum

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25
Q

pharynx SD

A

Upper

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26
Q

pharynx FD

A

conducting

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27
Q

the pharynx is the common passageway between ____ and ____

A

nasal cavity
oral cavity

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28
Q

3 parts of pharynx

A

nasopharynx
oropharynx
laryngopharynx

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29
Q

nasopharynx goes from ____ to ____

A

pharyngeal tonsils
soft palate

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30
Q

nasopharynx is lined by

A

ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium

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31
Q

oropharynx goes from ____ to ____

A

soft palate
epiglottis

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32
Q

oropharynx is lined by

A

nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium

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33
Q

laryngopharynx goes from ____ to ____

A

epiglottis
cricoid cartilage

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34
Q

laryngopharynx is lined by

A

nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium

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35
Q

lower respiratory tract structures

A

larynx
trachea
bronchial tree
terminal bronchioles
alveoli

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36
Q

larynx SD

A

lower

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37
Q

larynx FD

A

conducting

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38
Q

what does the larynx produce

A

sound

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39
Q

larynx connecte ____ to ____

A

pharynx
trachea

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40
Q

larynx contains

A

cartilages
ligaments
muscles

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41
Q

superior part of the larynx is lined by

A

nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium

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42
Q

inferior part of the larynx is lined by

A

ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium

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43
Q

3 major cartilages in larynx

A

thyroid cart.
cricoid cart.
epiglottis

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44
Q

thyroid cartilage is composed of

A

hyaline cart.

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45
Q

what is the most anterior part of the thyroid cartilage called

A

laryngeal prominence

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46
Q

thyrohyoid membrane connects ____ to ____

A

thyroid cart.
hyoid

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47
Q

cricoid cartilage is composed of

A

hyaline cart.

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48
Q

cricoid cart is (inferior/superior) to thyroid cart.

A

inferior

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49
Q

cricothyroid ligament connects ____ to ____

A

cricoid cart.
thyroid cart.

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50
Q

epiglottis composed of

A

elastic cart.

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51
Q

epiglottis purpose

A

prevents choking

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52
Q

3 minor cartilages of larynx

A

arytenoid cart.
corniculate cart.
cuneiform cart.

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53
Q

arytenoid cart.

A

triangular structures superior to cricoid cart.

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54
Q

corniculate cart.

A

horn-shaped structures on apex of each arytenoid cart.

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55
Q

cuneiform cart.

A

club-shaped structures anterior to corniculate cart.

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56
Q

structures of voice production

A

vestibular folds
vocal folds

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57
Q

vestibular folds are (superior/inferior) to vocal folds

A

superior

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58
Q

another name for vestibular folds

A

false vocal cords(don’t produce sound)

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59
Q

another name for vocal folds

A

true vocal cords(produce sound)

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60
Q

vocal ligaments are (superficial/deep) to vocal folds

A

deep

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61
Q

rima glottidis

A

space between vocal folds

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62
Q

trachea SD

A

lower

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63
Q

trachea FD

A

conducting

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64
Q

trachea is (anterior/posterior) to esophagus

A

anterior

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65
Q

trachea is lined by

A

ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium

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66
Q

structures in trachea

A

tracheal cartilages
anular ligaments
carina

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67
Q

tracheal cartilages composed of

A

hyaline cart.

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68
Q

tracheal cartilage shape

A

c-shaped rings

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69
Q

carina

A

where the trachea splits into R/L sides

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70
Q

bronchial tree SD

A

lower

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71
Q

bronchial tree

A

highly branched system of conducting passages

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72
Q

bronchial tree FD

A

conducting

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73
Q

bronchial tree location

A

in lungs

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74
Q

branching order of bronchial tree
(largest->smallest)

A

primary bronchi
secondary bronchi
tertiary bronchi
bronchioles
terminal bronchioles

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75
Q

anatomical changes from primary bronchi to bronchioles

A

cartilage decreases
smooth muscle increases

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76
Q

lining of primary, secondary, and tertiary bronchi

A

ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium

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77
Q

lining of larger bronchioles

A

ciliated simple columnar w/ goblet cells

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78
Q

lining of smaller bronchioles

A

ciliated simple columnar w/o goblet cells

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79
Q

bronchioles structure

A

thick layer of smooth muscle

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79
Q

lining of terminal bronchioles

A

nonciliated simple columnar

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80
Q

bronchoconstriction

A

smooth muscle contracts

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81
Q

bronchodilation

A

smooth muscle relaxes

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82
Q

bronchioles branch into ___

A

terminal bronchioles

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83
Q

terminal bronchioles are the ____

A

end of the conducting zone

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84
Q

respiratory zone includes

A

respiratory bronchioles
alveolar ducts
alveoli

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85
Q

lining of superior respiratory bronchioles

A

simple cuboidal epithelium

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86
Q

lining of inferior respiratory bronchioles

A

simple squamous epithelium

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87
Q

lining of alveolar ducts

A

simple squamous epithelium

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88
Q

lining of alveoli

A

simple squamous epithelium

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89
Q

alveoli function

A

site of gas exchange

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90
Q

alveoli are surrounded by ____

A

pulmonary capillaries

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91
Q

3 cell types in alveoli

A

type I alveolar cells
type II alveolar cells
alveolar macrophages

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92
Q

type I alveolar cells function

A

gas exchange

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93
Q

type II alveolar cells function

A

secrete pulmonary surfactant

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94
Q

alveolar macrophages function

A

protection

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95
Q

digestive system is made of

A

organs that break down food into smaller molecules

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96
Q

digestive system consists of

A

gastrointestinal tract (GI Tract)
accessory organs

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97
Q

functions of digestive system

A

ingestion
digestion
secretion
absorption
defacation

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98
Q

ingestion

A

bringing in food/fluid

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99
Q

digestion

A

breakdown of food

100
Q

2 types of digestion

A

mechanical
chemical

101
Q

mechanical digestion

A

physically breakdown food into smaller particles

102
Q

chemical digestion

A

breaking chemical bonds in food

103
Q

what are used to aid in chemical digestion

A

enzymes

104
Q

secretion

A

fluids that help digestion

105
Q

absorption

A

movement of nutrients into the blood and lymph

106
Q

defacation

A

elimination of wastes

107
Q

general histology of GI tract (deep->superficial)

A

mucosa
submucosa
muscularis
adventitia/serosa

108
Q

mucosa composed of

A

epithelium
lamina propria
muscularis mucosae

109
Q

lamina propria composition

A

areolar CT
mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue

110
Q

submucosa composition

A

areolar CT
dense irregular CT

111
Q

what does the submucosa contain

A

blood vessels and lymphatic vessels

112
Q

muscularis composition in mouth, pharynx, part of esophagus, and external anal sphincter

A

skeletal muscle

113
Q

muscularis composition in the rest of GI tract

A

smooth muscle

114
Q

two layers of muscularis (deep->superficial)

A

circular
longitudinal

115
Q

circular layer of muscularis creates ____

A

sphincters

116
Q

Adventitia and serosa is the most (deep/superficial) layer

A

superficial

117
Q

serosa is found in ____

A

parts of GI tract suspended in abdominal cavity

118
Q

adventitia is found in ____

A

esophagus and lower aspect of rectum

119
Q

peritoneum

A

serous membrane of abdominal cavity

120
Q

layers of peritoneum

A

parietal peritoneum
visceral peritoneum

121
Q

parietal peritoneum covers ____

A

wall of abdominal cavity

122
Q

visceral peritoneum covers ____

A

abdominal cavity organs

123
Q

intraperitoneal organs are (completely/partially) surrounded by peritoneum

A

completely

124
Q

retroperitoneal organs are (completely/partially) surrounded by peritoneum

A

partially

125
Q

folds of peritoneum

A

lesser omentum
greater omentum
mesentery
mesocolon

126
Q

lesser omentum

A

connects stomach to liver

127
Q

greater omentum

A

covers small intestine

128
Q

mesentery

A

anchors small intestine to posterior abdominal wall

129
Q

mesocolon

A

connects large intestine to posterior abdominal wall

130
Q

oral cavity functions

A

ingestion
mechanical digestion
chemical digestion

131
Q

oral cavity lining

A

nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium

132
Q

superior border of the oral cavity structures

A

hard palate
soft palate

133
Q

special feature of superior border of oral cavity

A

uvula

134
Q

structures of inferior border of oral cavity

A

lingual frenulum
mylohyoid

135
Q

lingual frenulum function

A

anchors tongue to gums

136
Q

structures of anterior border of oral cavity

A

teeth
labia
labial frenulum

137
Q

labial frenulum function

A

attaches inner surface of each lip to gums

138
Q

structures of posterior border of oral cavity

A

fauces
palatine tonsils

139
Q

salivary glands function

A

produce and secrete saliva

140
Q

saliva functions

A

moisten oral cavity
chemical digestion
dissolve materials for taste receptors
antimicrobial

141
Q

how is saliva secreted into oral cavity

A

ducts

141
Q

3 major salivary glands

A

parotid clangs
submantibular glands
sublingual glands

142
Q

parotid glands are the (largest/smallest)

A

largest

143
Q

parotid glands location

A

anterior to ear

144
Q

submandibular glands location

A

inferior to mandible

145
Q

sublingual glands location

A

inferior to tongue

146
Q

pharynx function

A

swallowing

147
Q

esophagus location

A

posterior to trachea

148
Q

esophagus function

A

transports bolus to stomach via peristalsis

149
Q

upper esophageal sphincter composition

A

skeletal muscle

150
Q

lower esophageal sphincter

A

smooth muscle

151
Q

functions of stomach

A

mechanical and chemical digestion of bolus
storage

152
Q

what is used to digest food in stomach

A

chyme

153
Q

cells of stomach

A

mucous cells
parietal cells
chief cells

154
Q

mucous cells function

A

secrete mucus

155
Q

parietal cells function

A

secrete hydrochloric acid (HCl)

156
Q

cheif cells function

A

secrete pepsiongen

157
Q

small intestine functions

A

digestion
absorption

158
Q

segments of small intestine

A

duodenum
jejunum
ileum

159
Q

ileocecal valve function

A

controls movement into small intestine

160
Q

what do duodenal glands secrete

A

alkaline mucus

161
Q

alkaline mucus function

A

helps neutralize gastric acid in chyme

162
Q

large intestine functions

A

absorbs water and ions
compacts indigestible wastes into feces

163
Q

structures of large intestine

A

cecum
appendix
ascending colon
right colic flexure
transverse colon
left colic flexure
sigmoid colon
rectum
anal canal

164
Q

anal columns

A

prominent folds

165
Q

anal columns secrete ____

A

mucus

166
Q

anus

A

opening of anal canal into exterior

167
Q

internal anal sphincter composition

A

smooth muscle

168
Q

external anal sphincter composition

A

skeletal muscle

169
Q

accessory digestive organs

A

teeth
salivary glands
tongue
liver
gallbladder
pancreas

170
Q

functions of liver

A

produces bile
metabolism of carbs, proteins, lipids
store nutrients
detoxification

171
Q

structures of liver

A

hepatic lobules
bile canaliculi
hepatic sinusoids

172
Q

hepatic lobules

A

contain hepatocytes

173
Q

hepatocytes function

A

secrete bile

174
Q

bile canaliculi location

A

between hepatocytes

175
Q

hepatic sinusoids

A

highly permeable blood capillaries

176
Q

what do hepatic sinusoids contain

A

WBCs

177
Q

gallbladder function

A

stores bile

178
Q

pathway of bile

A

gallbladder releases it
cystic duct
bile duct
pancreas

179
Q

functions of pancreas

A

produce pancreatic juices
produce glucagon and insulin

180
Q

pathway of pancreatic juice

A

secreting cells
pancreatic duct
common bile duct
hepatopancreatic ampulla
duodenum

181
Q

urinary system functions

A

removes wastes from blood
produce, store, and excrete urine
regulate blood volume
pH balance

182
Q

urinary system structures

A

kidneys
ureters
urinary bladder
urethra

183
Q

kidneys location

A

L/R lumbar region of abdominopelvic cavity

184
Q

kidneys are (intraperitoneal/retroperitoneal)

A

retroperitoneal

185
Q

hilum

A

where blood vessels, nerves, and ureters enter/exit the kidneys

186
Q

protective layers around kidneys
(deep->superficial)

A

fibrous capsule
perirenal fat
renal fascia

187
Q

2 major regions of kidney
(superficial->deep)

A

renal cortex
renal medulla

188
Q

structures in renal medulla

A

renal pyramids
renal columns

189
Q

renal pyramids

A

nephrons

190
Q

renal columns location

A

in between each renal pyramid

191
Q

tubing of kidney

A

minor calyx
major calyx
renal pelvis

192
Q

bloodflow through kidney

A

enters via renal artery
segmental arteries
interlobar arteries
arcuate arteries
interlobular arteries
nephron

193
Q

bloodflow through nephron

A

afferent arteriole
glomerulus
efferent arteriole
peritubular capillaries

194
Q

bloodflow out of kidney

A

interlobular vein
arcuate vein
interlobar
renal vein

195
Q

nephron

A

functional filtration until of kidney

196
Q

how many nephron per kidney

A

1.25 million

197
Q

3 processes to form urine

A

filtration
tubular reabsorption
tubular secretion

198
Q

2 types of nephrons

A

cortical nephrons
juxtamedullary nephrons

199
Q

cortical nephrons origin

A

outer renal cortex

200
Q

cortical nephron characteristics

A

shorter nephron loop
more of them

201
Q

juxtamedullary nephrons origin

A

originate in inner renal cortex

202
Q

juxtamedullary nephrons characteristics

A

longer nephron loop
less of them

203
Q

2 nephron elements

A

vascular elements
tubular elements

204
Q

vascular elements of nephron

A

afferent arteriole
glomerulus
efferent arteriole
peritubular capillaries
vasa recta

205
Q

afferent arteriole

A

delivers blood to glomerulus

206
Q

glomerulus

A

capillary bed

207
Q

efferent arteriole

A

drains glomerulus

208
Q

peritubular capillaries

A

surround tubules

209
Q

vasa recta

A

surround nephron loop

210
Q

tubular elements of nephron

A

glomerular capsule
proximal convoluted tubule
nephron loop
distal convoluted tubule

211
Q

glomerular capsule is a part of the ____

A

renal corpuscle

212
Q

renal corpuscle contains

A

glomerular capsule
glomerulus

213
Q

another name for nephron loop

A

loop of Henle

214
Q

nephron loop segments

A

descending loop
ascending loop

215
Q

layers of glomerular capsule

A

visceral layer
parietal layer
capsular space

216
Q

visceral layer of glomerular capsule composition

A

podocytes

217
Q

parietal layer of glomerular capsule composition

A

simple squamous epithelium

218
Q

3 layers of filtration membrane

A

fenestrated capillary endothelium
visceral layer of glomerular capsule
basement membrane

219
Q

pedicels

A

extensions on podocytes

220
Q

filtration slits location

A

in between pedicels

221
Q

proximal convoluted tubule function

A

reabsorption

222
Q

proximal convoluted tubule lining

A

sumple cuboidal w/ microvilli

223
Q

nephron loop surrounded by ____

A

vasa recta

224
Q

thick limbs of nephron loop lining

A

simple cuboidal

225
Q

thin limbs of nephron loop lining

A

simple squamous

226
Q

descending limb of nephron loop reabsorbs ____

A

water

227
Q

ascending limb of nephron loop reabsorbs ____

A

Na+, Cl-

228
Q

distal convoluted tubule lining

A

simple cuboidal w/o microvilli

229
Q

distal convoluted tubule function

A

secrete K+ and H+

230
Q

ureters function

A

transport urine from kidneys to urinary bladder

231
Q

ureters lining

A

transitional epithelium

232
Q

urinary bladder function

A

stores urine

233
Q

trigone

A

2 urethral openings + 1 internal urethral orifice

234
Q

internal urethral sphincter composition

A

smooth muscle

235
Q

external urethral sphincter composition

A

skeletal muscle

236
Q

3 parts of male urethra

A

prostatic urethra
membranous urethra
spongy urethra

237
Q

prostatic urethra

A

extends through prostate

238
Q

membranous urethra

A

extends through pelvic floor

239
Q

spongy urethra

A

extends length of pelvis

240
Q

reproductive system functions

A

produce, nourish, and transport gemetes
facilitate fertilization
support growth of embryo/fetus

241
Q

male reproductive system

A

scrotum
testes
ducts
urethra
accessory sex glands
penis

242
Q

tunica albuginea

A

divides each testes into lobuless

243
Q

sertoli cells

A

support/protect developing sperm cells

244
Q

ducts of testes

A

straight tubules
rete testis
efferent ductules
duct of epididymis

245
Q

bulbourethral glands

A

secrete alkaline fluid w/ mucus

246
Q

femal reproductive system

A

ovaries
uterine tubes
uterus
vagina
vulva

247
Q

corpus luteum

A

remnants of tertiary ovarian follicle