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BIOL2316.088TR > Unit 3 Exam > Flashcards

Unit 3 Exam Flashcards

1
Q

If the sequence of one strand of a DNA molecule is 5’ - CAGTACGACCTAA - 3’, the sequence of the complementary strand is _____.

A

3’ - GTCATGCTGGATT - 5’

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2
Q

The enzyme that inserts the correct bases in a growing nucleotide chain in a replicating DNA molecule is _____.

A

DNA polymerase

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3
Q

In DNA replication, _____.

A

The parental DNA splits and free nucleotides bond to their complements, building two DNA molecules from one

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4
Q

In a DNA molecule, the base pairs provide information, and the sugar-phosphate backbone does not, because _____.

A

The bases form a sequence, and the sugar-phosphate backbone does not

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5
Q

Which of the following is most correct regarding genes, DNA, and protein?

A

A gene is a section of DNA whose sequence encodes a particular protein, which is composed of amino acids

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6
Q

If the sequence of one strand of a DNA molecule is 5’ ATGGCAT 3’, the sequence of the complementary strand is _____.

A

3’ TACCGTA 5’

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7
Q

Watson and Crick based their conclusion that DNA is a double helix mainly on experimental results and measurements from _____.

A

Chargaff, Wilkins, and Franklin

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8
Q

The nitrogenous bases adenine and thymine are _____.

A

A purine and a pyrimidine, respectively

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9
Q

Frederick Griffith was a microbiologist who observed that _____.

A

Nonvirulent bacteria become virulent when mixed with heat-killed virulent bacteria

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10
Q

_____ used X-ray diffraction to deduce the helical shape of DNA.

A

Rosalind Franklin

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11
Q

Because DNA strands are antiparallel, DNA replication at a single replication fork proceeds _____.

A

Continuously on one strand and discontinuously on the other

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12
Q

_____ used models to deduce the double helical shape of DNA.

A

James Watson and Francis Crick

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13
Q

Hydrogen bonds are not as strong as ionic or covalent bonds, but they are able to hold the DNA double helix together because _____.

A

There are so many of them

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14
Q

Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty’s experiments built on the results of the experiments of _____.

A

Frederick Griffith

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15
Q

Human DNA can be replicated quickly because it has many _____.

A

Replication forks

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16
Q

Meselson and Stahl’s experiments showed that DNA replication is _____.

A

Semi-conservative, but not dispersive or conservative

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17
Q

DNA entwined around an octet of proteins is called a(n) _____.

A

Nucleosome

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18
Q

Miescher discovered phosphorus in DNA taken from _____.

A

Soiled bandages

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19
Q

In experiments to show that DNA is the genetic material, Hershey and Chase labeled DNA with radioactive _____.

A

Phosphorus

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20
Q

Chromatin consists of about _____.

A

30% histones, 30% DNA binding proteins, 30% DNA, and 10% RNA

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21
Q

A retrovirus produces an enzyme, called reverse transcriptase, which copies its RNA genome into DNA. This is opposite of the central dogma because _____.

A

The central dogma states that DNA is copied into RNA

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22
Q

A genetic code word is called a(n) _____.

A

Codon

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23
Q

A signal sequence _____.

A

Is the first few amino acids in a protein that will be secreted or lodge in a membrane

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24
Q

If part of a DNA template is the sequence GTTAGTCTGTGGGCT, then the mRNA transcribed from it is _____.

A

CAAUCAGACACCCGA

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25
Q

Which codon halts ribosomes?

A

UAG

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26
Q

A codon consists of three consecutive _____.

A

mRNA bases

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27
Q

Consider the following mRNA molecule:
AGGACAGCGGUUGGGCAACGUAAA.
The sequences below have nucleotides added or deleted. Which of the following sequences would NOT result in a frameshift from the original sequence?

A

AGGCCCACAGCGGUUGGGCAACGUAAA

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28
Q

B is an intron between two exons, A and C. Which representation best describes how this region of mRNA will appear after it is transcribed and processed by a spliceosome?

A

A-C

29
Q

The amino acid sequence corresponding to the DNA template sequence of GTTAGTCTGTGGGCT is _____.

A

gln-ser-asp-thr-arg

30
Q

The enzyme that synthesizes messenger RNA from a DNA template is _____.

A

RNA polymerase

31
Q

Which of these is not found in RNA?

A

Deoxyribose

32
Q

The DNA template ATGCGTTA is transcribed into an RNA strand with the sequence _____.

A

UACGCAAU

33
Q

Transcription factors function in the expression of genes by _____.

A

Turning transcription of specific genes on or off

34
Q

A mutation that changes one particular amino acid into another can affect the functioning of other amino acids farther away in the primary sequence due to _____.

A

Protein folding

35
Q

Consider the following mRNA molecule:
AUGUUUGAUUUAAACCAAUGA.
You are trying to generate the longest polypeptide from the mRNA molecule. Assume translation can start at any codon, not just AUG. Which starting point would generate the longest polypeptide, having the reading frame for translation start at the first A, the first U, or the first G?

A

First A

36
Q

During transcription _____.

A

RNA is synthesized from DNA

37
Q

If part of a DNA template is the sequence GTTAGTCTGTGGGCT, then the DNA coding strand has the sequence _____.

A

CAATCAGACACCCGA

38
Q

Select an amino acid that has no synonymous codons.

A

Methionine

39
Q

In transcription, one DNA strand is transcribed into a(n) _____ RNA strand, which is translated into protein.

A

Messenger

40
Q

After transcription and before translation, eukaryotic mRNA is modified by adding _____.

A

A cap of modified nucleotides and a poly-A tail

41
Q

Rett syndrome and homeotic mutations result from mutations in _____.

A

Transcription factor genes

42
Q

RNA differs from DNA in that _____.

A

It is usually single-stranded

43
Q

Which codons are synonymous?

A

CAC and CAU

44
Q

In chromatin remodeling, acetyl groups are added to _____.

A

The amino acid lysine

45
Q

Modifiers of gene expression include _____.

A

Specific classes of proteins and RNA molecules

46
Q

Which metaphors correctly compare chromatin remodeling and microRNA function?

A

An on/off switch and a dimmer switch

47
Q

Epigenetic changes _____.

A

Pass from one cell generation to the next but do not alter the DNA sequence

48
Q

Multiple proteins can be produced from a single gene by _____.

A

Alternative splicing

49
Q

About _____ percent of the human genome actually encodes proteins.

A

1.5

50
Q

The complexity of microRNA function is that _____.

A

A microRNA type can bind several mRNAs, and an mRNA can bind several microRNAs

51
Q

Isoforms are _____.

A

Different versions of proteins that reflect different exon combinations

52
Q

A typical human cell contains _____.

A

From 1,000 to 200,000 microRNAs

53
Q

A microRNA is _____ bases long.

A

21 or 22

54
Q

A mutation is _____.

A

A change in a DNA sequence

55
Q

Which addition to a DNA sequence would not cause a frameshift mutation?

A

GCT

56
Q

Estimates of spontaneous mutation rates are made using dominant disorders because _____.

A

The mutant phenotype is obvious

57
Q

Which of the following is a transition mutation?

A

A to G

58
Q

Which type of mutation substitutes one amino acid for another?

A

Missense

59
Q

Mutations are more likely to occur in repeated DNA sequences because _____.

A

Bases in the strand can form base pairs, generating loops that interfere with replication and repair enzymes

60
Q

The first single-gene disorder for which the mechanism of mutation was understood at a molecular level was ______.

A

Sickle cell disease

61
Q

Spontaneous mutation occurs when _____.

A

A DNA base is in an unstable tautomeric form as the replication fork arrives and a mismatched base is inserted

62
Q

A sign that mutation occurred in a person exposed to radiation in the aftermath of the Chernobyl disaster of 1986 was _____.

A

Short DNA repeats in a child’s genome that didn’t match the size in either exposed parent

63
Q

Mutational hot spots occur most often where the DNA is _____.

A

Repetitive or symmetrical

64
Q

A somatic mutation _____.

A

Affects a particular subset of cells

65
Q

A point mutation alters _____.

A

A single base

66
Q

A tautomer is _____.

A

An alternate structure of a molecule

67
Q

A chemical or physical agent that causes mutations is called a _____.

A

Mutagen

68
Q

Sanjay and Indira have thalassemia minor. Their young daughters are dizygotic (fraternal) twins. Malonie has thalassemia minor like her parents, but Jewel has the more severe thalassemia major. The more serious case most likely arose because _____.

A

Jewel inherited two recessive mutant alleles in the beta globin gene that cause thalassemia

69
Q

Watson and Crick describe the relationship between _____ as a directional flow of information called the “central dogma”.

A

Nucleic acids and proteins

BIOL2316.088TR (16 decks)

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