Unit 1 Exam Flashcards
The field of _____ addresses concerns arising from the use of new genetic technologies, including tests, treatments, privacy, and discrimination.
Bioethics
The Y chromosome _____.
Is a sex chromosome
The CRISPR-Cas9 system is a tool to perform _____.
Genome editing
What is the exome?
Protein-encoding genes
A gene pool consists of all the alleles in a(n) _____.
Population
Shawn’s mother and Heather’s mother are sisters. Shawn and Heather have _____ of their genes in common.
1/8
Body weight must be a complex trait because _____.
It is inherited to an extent, but can be altered by diet and/or exercise
Sequencing all the DNA in the fluid that leaks from the bottom of a garbage can is an example of _____.
Metagenomics
The complete genetic material of an organism is its _____.
Genome
A human body has about _____ cells.
30 trillion
Genetics is the study of _____.
Inherited traits
Cells differentiate by _____.
Expressing different subsets of genes
What type of disease would not be identified by exome sequencing?
A disorder that is caused by a mutation in a non-coding region of DNA found far away from the gene it affects
A trait or disorder that is complex is _____.
Caused by one or more genes and environmental influences
Polydactyly is considered a Mendelian trait because _____.
It is caused by a single gene
DNA profiling has been used to _____.
Identify victims of terrorist attacks and natural disasters
The difference between phenotype and genotype is that _____.
Genotype refers to the genetic instructions and phenotype to their expression
The number of sets of our genome in most of our cells is _____.
2
Sickle-cell anemia results from a beta-globin protein containing the amino acid valine in the place of the amino acid glutamic acid. This is an example of a _____ causing a disease.
Mutation
Approximately how many genes comprise the human exome?
20,000
Cells contain twice the normal number of independent chromosomes briefly during _____.
Anaphase
The organelle that consists of a stack of flat, membrane-enclosed sacs is the _____.
Golgi apparatus
Which of the four major chemicals found in cells comprise telomeres?
Nucleic acids
Chromosomes coil tightly around chromosomal proteins and condense during _____.
Prophase
A cell in metaphase has 8 chromosomes. How many chromatids does it have?
16
Egg cells are _____.
Haploid germ cells
The two major stages of the cell cycle are _____.
Interphase and mitosis
During apoptosis, caspases _____.
Activate enzymes that cut DNA into same-sized pieces
Brefeldin A is a drug that prevents vesicle formation and transport between the rough ER and the Golgi apparatus. In the lab, you treat cells with brefeldin A. Which result do you expect?
Secreted proteins will be processed incorrectly
Factors that control how often a cell divides include _____.
Telomere lengths, hormonal signals, crowding, and growth factors
A difference between a stem cell and a progenitor cell is that _____.
A progenitor cell cannot self-renew and a stem cell can
In a human cell, most of the genetic material is found in the _____.
Nucleus
The cellular basis of muscular dystrophy is that some of a child’s muscle cells _____.
Lack a protein that enables them to withstand the force of contraction
The order of events in the cell cycle is _____.
G1 to S to G2 to mitosis
The organelle that is the equivalent of a cellular garbage disposal system is the _____.
Lysosome
An experimental treatment for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (Lou Gehrig’s disease), which causes gradual loss of the ability to move, sends four genes into cells sampled from a patient’s skin. This procedure reprograms the cells, which are then exposed to molecules and genes that stimulate them to develop as healthy versions of the cells affected in the disease. These cells are implanted into the patient. They are _____.
Induced pluripotent stem cells
“Adult” stem cells are more accurately called tissue-specific or somatic stem cells because _____.
They are also present in the tissues of embryos, fetuses, and children
The cell cycle is a series of events a cell undergoes as it prepares to _____.
Divide
Apoptosis is a form of ______.
Programmed cell death that is a normal part of development
Which of the following is true of the human microbiome?
An altered microbiome hastens starvation in malnourished children
A normal oogonium is a(n) _____ cell.
Diploid
The allantois _____.
Forms blood cells
Some women are infertile even though they are able to produce healthy eggs and sperm is able to enter through the vagina. Which structure might be functioning abnormally in these women?
Uterine tube
A baby with a number of problems is taken to the pediatrician. The baby inexplicably has high blood pressure and kidney issues. The pediatrician suspects that a problem has taken place in the formation of which germ layer during development?
Mesoderm
Secondary spermatocytes and secondary oocytes are _____.
Haploid
The female gonads are the _____.
Ovaries
Dolphins, which are mammals that reproduce sexually, have 44 chromosomes. What is the arrangement of a dolphin’s chromosomes in a secondary oocyte?
22 chromosomes, with each chromosome containing 2 sister chromatids
A bulbourethral gland secretes _____.
A mucus-like fluid
Meiosis in females _____.
Is completed only if an oocyte is fertilized
The ovary in an adult contains _____.
Many oocytes in various stages of maturity
During the first meiotic division _____.
Homologous chromosome pairs separate
Which of the following characteristics of the fetus distinguishes it from the embryo?
Bone replaces the softer cartilage
The inner cell mass _____.
Gives rise to the embryo
Children with Swyer syndrome are born with normal female external genitalia and are raised as females. However, puberty fails to occur in these children. Surprisingly, karyotyping shows that these children have 44 autosomes, an X chromosome, and a Y chromosome. Several genes have been linked to Swyer syndrome. Which gene do you predict might be mutated in Swyer syndrome?
The SRY gene
Amniotic fluid _____.
Cushions the embryo
A cell from an organism that has a diploid number of 6 chromosomes has 3 chromosomes lined up in the center of the cell, each chromosome containing two joined sister chromatids. What phase of the cell cycle is this cell in?
Metaphase II of meiosis
After the second meiotic division, the number of chromosomes in each daughter cell is _____ that of the original parental cell.
Half
The stem cells from which sperm cells descend are called _____.
Spermatogonia
After meiosis I, the number of chromosomes is _____ that of a somatic cell.
Half
Which of these tests would be most useful in diagnosing a fetal infection?
Amniocentesis
Many men with cystic fibrosis are infertile, although they usually are able to make sperm. These men can have children with assisted reproductive techniques. Which structure do you predict is missing in these men?
Ductus deferens
A diploid cell has 44 chromosomes. After meiosis I, how many chromosomes does it have? How many chromatids?
22; 44
The number of possible chromosome combinations in a human gamete, considering independent assortment but not crossing over, is about _____.
8 million
The correct sequence for the steps of meiosis I is _____.
Prophase-metaphase-anaphase-telophase
At the end of meiosis, the number of chromosomes in each daughter cell is halved because meiosis has _____.
Two cell divisions after one DNA replication
If a species has a haploid number of 16 chromosomes, how many chromosomes would be in a diploid cell from this organism?
32
How many sex chromosomes does a human sperm or egg contain? How many autosomes?
1; 22
Gametes from which parent determine the sex of the baby?
Male
A species has a diploid number of 36. Without meiosis, the gametes would each contain _____ chromosomes, and the fertilized ovum would have _____ chromosomes.
36; 72
What is the term that describes the DNA sequences for protein-encoding genes?
Exome
Centromeres part and one chromatid from each pair moves to opposite ends of the cell
Anaphase
The membranes around nuclei reform
Telophase
DNA coils tightly, shortening and thickening chromosomes
Prophase
Chromosomes align along the center of the cell
Metaphase
A ecology graduate student takes samples of the water in various parts of a swamp area. She sequences the genomes of all of the organisms present in this environment. This is an example of _____.
Metagenomics
A diploid cell from a certain species has 16 chromosomes. In a cell undergoing cell division, homologous chromosomes are separating, with 8 chromosomes (each with two chromatids) going to each daughter cell. What is the cell cycle stage of this cell?
Anaphase I of meiosis
