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BIOL2316.088TR > Unit 1 Exam > Flashcards

Unit 1 Exam Flashcards

1
Q

The field of _____ addresses concerns arising from the use of new genetic technologies, including tests, treatments, privacy, and discrimination.

A

Bioethics

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2
Q

The Y chromosome _____.

A

Is a sex chromosome

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3
Q

The CRISPR-Cas9 system is a tool to perform _____.

A

Genome editing

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4
Q

What is the exome?

A

Protein-encoding genes

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5
Q

A gene pool consists of all the alleles in a(n) _____.

A

Population

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6
Q

Shawn’s mother and Heather’s mother are sisters. Shawn and Heather have _____ of their genes in common.

A

1/8

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7
Q

Body weight must be a complex trait because _____.

A

It is inherited to an extent, but can be altered by diet and/or exercise

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8
Q

Sequencing all the DNA in the fluid that leaks from the bottom of a garbage can is an example of _____.

A

Metagenomics

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9
Q

The complete genetic material of an organism is its _____.

A

Genome

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10
Q

A human body has about _____ cells.

A

30 trillion

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11
Q

Genetics is the study of _____.

A

Inherited traits

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12
Q

Cells differentiate by _____.

A

Expressing different subsets of genes

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13
Q

What type of disease would not be identified by exome sequencing?

A

A disorder that is caused by a mutation in a non-coding region of DNA found far away from the gene it affects

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14
Q

A trait or disorder that is complex is _____.

A

Caused by one or more genes and environmental influences

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15
Q

Polydactyly is considered a Mendelian trait because _____.

A

It is caused by a single gene

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16
Q

DNA profiling has been used to _____.

A

Identify victims of terrorist attacks and natural disasters

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17
Q

The difference between phenotype and genotype is that _____.

A

Genotype refers to the genetic instructions and phenotype to their expression

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18
Q

The number of sets of our genome in most of our cells is _____.

A

2

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19
Q

Sickle-cell anemia results from a beta-globin protein containing the amino acid valine in the place of the amino acid glutamic acid. This is an example of a _____ causing a disease.

A

Mutation

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20
Q

Approximately how many genes comprise the human exome?

A

20,000

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21
Q

Cells contain twice the normal number of independent chromosomes briefly during _____.

A

Anaphase

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22
Q

The organelle that consists of a stack of flat, membrane-enclosed sacs is the _____.

A

Golgi apparatus

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23
Q

Which of the four major chemicals found in cells comprise telomeres?

A

Nucleic acids

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24
Q

Chromosomes coil tightly around chromosomal proteins and condense during _____.

A

Prophase

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25
Q

A cell in metaphase has 8 chromosomes. How many chromatids does it have?

A

16

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26
Q

Egg cells are _____.

A

Haploid germ cells

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27
Q

The two major stages of the cell cycle are _____.

A

Interphase and mitosis

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28
Q

During apoptosis, caspases _____.

A

Activate enzymes that cut DNA into same-sized pieces

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29
Q

Brefeldin A is a drug that prevents vesicle formation and transport between the rough ER and the Golgi apparatus. In the lab, you treat cells with brefeldin A. Which result do you expect?

A

Secreted proteins will be processed incorrectly

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30
Q

Factors that control how often a cell divides include _____.

A

Telomere lengths, hormonal signals, crowding, and growth factors

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31
Q

A difference between a stem cell and a progenitor cell is that _____.

A

A progenitor cell cannot self-renew and a stem cell can

32
Q

In a human cell, most of the genetic material is found in the _____.

A

Nucleus

33
Q

The cellular basis of muscular dystrophy is that some of a child’s muscle cells _____.

A

Lack a protein that enables them to withstand the force of contraction

34
Q

The order of events in the cell cycle is _____.

A

G1 to S to G2 to mitosis

35
Q

The organelle that is the equivalent of a cellular garbage disposal system is the _____.

A

Lysosome

36
Q

An experimental treatment for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (Lou Gehrig’s disease), which causes gradual loss of the ability to move, sends four genes into cells sampled from a patient’s skin. This procedure reprograms the cells, which are then exposed to molecules and genes that stimulate them to develop as healthy versions of the cells affected in the disease. These cells are implanted into the patient. They are _____.

A

Induced pluripotent stem cells

37
Q

“Adult” stem cells are more accurately called tissue-specific or somatic stem cells because _____.

A

They are also present in the tissues of embryos, fetuses, and children

38
Q

The cell cycle is a series of events a cell undergoes as it prepares to _____.

A

Divide

39
Q

Apoptosis is a form of ______.

A

Programmed cell death that is a normal part of development

40
Q

Which of the following is true of the human microbiome?

A

An altered microbiome hastens starvation in malnourished children

41
Q

A normal oogonium is a(n) _____ cell.

A

Diploid

42
Q

The allantois _____.

A

Forms blood cells

43
Q

Some women are infertile even though they are able to produce healthy eggs and sperm is able to enter through the vagina. Which structure might be functioning abnormally in these women?

A

Uterine tube

44
Q

A baby with a number of problems is taken to the pediatrician. The baby inexplicably has high blood pressure and kidney issues. The pediatrician suspects that a problem has taken place in the formation of which germ layer during development?

A

Mesoderm

45
Q

Secondary spermatocytes and secondary oocytes are _____.

A

Haploid

46
Q

The female gonads are the _____.

A

Ovaries

47
Q

Dolphins, which are mammals that reproduce sexually, have 44 chromosomes. What is the arrangement of a dolphin’s chromosomes in a secondary oocyte?

A

22 chromosomes, with each chromosome containing 2 sister chromatids

48
Q

A bulbourethral gland secretes _____.

A

A mucus-like fluid

49
Q

Meiosis in females _____.

A

Is completed only if an oocyte is fertilized

50
Q

The ovary in an adult contains _____.

A

Many oocytes in various stages of maturity

51
Q

During the first meiotic division _____.

A

Homologous chromosome pairs separate

52
Q

Which of the following characteristics of the fetus distinguishes it from the embryo?

A

Bone replaces the softer cartilage

53
Q

The inner cell mass _____.

A

Gives rise to the embryo

54
Q

Children with Swyer syndrome are born with normal female external genitalia and are raised as females. However, puberty fails to occur in these children. Surprisingly, karyotyping shows that these children have 44 autosomes, an X chromosome, and a Y chromosome. Several genes have been linked to Swyer syndrome. Which gene do you predict might be mutated in Swyer syndrome?

A

The SRY gene

55
Q

Amniotic fluid _____.

A

Cushions the embryo

56
Q

A cell from an organism that has a diploid number of 6 chromosomes has 3 chromosomes lined up in the center of the cell, each chromosome containing two joined sister chromatids. What phase of the cell cycle is this cell in?

A

Metaphase II of meiosis

57
Q

After the second meiotic division, the number of chromosomes in each daughter cell is _____ that of the original parental cell.

A

Half

58
Q

The stem cells from which sperm cells descend are called _____.

A

Spermatogonia

59
Q

After meiosis I, the number of chromosomes is _____ that of a somatic cell.

A

Half

60
Q

Which of these tests would be most useful in diagnosing a fetal infection?

A

Amniocentesis

61
Q

Many men with cystic fibrosis are infertile, although they usually are able to make sperm. These men can have children with assisted reproductive techniques. Which structure do you predict is missing in these men?

A

Ductus deferens

62
Q

A diploid cell has 44 chromosomes. After meiosis I, how many chromosomes does it have? How many chromatids?

A

22; 44

63
Q

The number of possible chromosome combinations in a human gamete, considering independent assortment but not crossing over, is about _____.

A

8 million

64
Q

The correct sequence for the steps of meiosis I is _____.

A

Prophase-metaphase-anaphase-telophase

65
Q

At the end of meiosis, the number of chromosomes in each daughter cell is halved because meiosis has _____.

A

Two cell divisions after one DNA replication

66
Q

If a species has a haploid number of 16 chromosomes, how many chromosomes would be in a diploid cell from this organism?

A

32

67
Q

How many sex chromosomes does a human sperm or egg contain? How many autosomes?

A

1; 22

68
Q

Gametes from which parent determine the sex of the baby?

A

Male

69
Q

A species has a diploid number of 36. Without meiosis, the gametes would each contain _____ chromosomes, and the fertilized ovum would have _____ chromosomes.

A

36; 72

70
Q

What is the term that describes the DNA sequences for protein-encoding genes?

A

Exome

71
Q

Centromeres part and one chromatid from each pair moves to opposite ends of the cell

A

Anaphase

72
Q

The membranes around nuclei reform

A

Telophase

73
Q

DNA coils tightly, shortening and thickening chromosomes

A

Prophase

74
Q

Chromosomes align along the center of the cell

A

Metaphase

75
Q

A ecology graduate student takes samples of the water in various parts of a swamp area. She sequences the genomes of all of the organisms present in this environment. This is an example of _____.

A

Metagenomics

76
Q

A diploid cell from a certain species has 16 chromosomes. In a cell undergoing cell division, homologous chromosomes are separating, with 8 chromosomes (each with two chromatids) going to each daughter cell. What is the cell cycle stage of this cell?

A

Anaphase I of meiosis

BIOL2316.088TR (16 decks)

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