Ch. 10 - Gene Action: From DNA to Protein Flashcards
This substance contains the genetic information for the production of a protein from a structural gene.
mRNA
This is the process of producing an RNA copy of a gene.
Transcription
This is the process of synthesizing a specific sequence of amino acids on a ribosome.
Translation
This substance in the nucleus of cell constitutes the cell’s genome.
DNA
This is a sequence of amino acids that correspond to the genetic information in a structural gene.
Polypeptide
Gene expression is the process whereby genetic information in the cell is used to produce proteins.
True
During transcription, an enzyme called _____ synthesizes RNA.
RNA polymerase
This enzyme binds to the _____ of the gene being transcribed.
Promoter
During transcription, RNA is synthesized _____.
Beginning at the 5’ end of the RNA molecule
In complex organisms, different cell types express different genes. This is possible because proteins called _____ help to initiate transcription at specific sites.
Transcription factors
The three stages of transcription, in the correct order, are _____.
Initiation, elongation, and termination
RNA is transcribed using a gene’s _____.
Template strand
In eukaryotic cells, parts of a molecule of mRNA called _____ are removed after transcription.
Introns
Diseases that are caused by protein misfolding include _____.
Cystic fibrosis and Huntington disease
What happens when a human eats protein from an animal?
The protein is broken down into amino acids, which are then incorporated into human proteins
Based on experiments by Francis Crick and coworkers on the genetic code, predict which changes to a DNA sequence will change the reading frame.
Addition of 1 nucleotide
Addition of 4 nucleotides
Addition of 2 nucleotides
Removal of 2 nucleotides
Chymotrypsin is a digestive enzyme composed of a single polypeptide chain that breaks down proteins into smaller peptides. If you could observe chymotrypsin at work within the small intestine, what is the most complex level of protein structure you would be observing?
Tertiary
You are interested in studying diseases that might be caused by mutations that affect the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) signal sequence in proteins. You are looking at labeled proteins in cells under a microscope, and comparing cells from people with and without disease conditions. Where do you expect to find proteins with mutated signal sequences?
Proteins that are normally secreted or membrane bound will be found in the cytosol
A DNA template strand has the following sequence: GCTTCACTAAATACA
Place in order the RNA codons and amino acids that would result after transcription and translation.
mRNA: CGA AGU GAU UUA UGU
Protein: Arg Ser Asp Leu Cys
You are studying the levels of proteins in different tissue types in samples from mice. The levels of some proteins are rather uniform among tissue types. In contrast, you are surprised to find that a protein called class III β-tubulin is present only in brain tissue from the mouse and is undetectable in other tissues. What is the most likely explanation for this finding?
The difference is most likely due to the action of transcription factors
The human body cannot synthesize these amino acids
Essential
The human body can synthesize these amino acids
Non-essential
The human body can synthesize these amino acids, except for in certain circumstances
Conditionally essential
You are studying a drug that blocks translation in bacteria. You want to know more about its mechanism of action. You treat bacteria with the drug and isolate mRNAs with their associated proteins from the treated bacteria. In bacteria treated with the drug, you find the small ribosomal subunit bound to the mRNAs, but not the large subunit. In which stage does this drug arrest translation?
Initiation
