Ch. 10 - Gene Action: From DNA to Protein

Question 1

This substance contains the genetic information for the production of a protein from a structural gene.

Answer 1

mRNA

Question 2

This is the process of producing an RNA copy of a gene.

Answer 2

Transcription

Question 3

This is the process of synthesizing a specific sequence of amino acids on a ribosome.

Answer 3

Translation

Question 4

This substance in the nucleus of cell constitutes the cell’s genome.

Answer 4

DNA

Question 5

This is a sequence of amino acids that correspond to the genetic information in a structural gene.

Answer 5

Polypeptide

Question 6

Gene expression is the process whereby genetic information in the cell is used to produce proteins.

Answer 6

True

Question 7

During transcription, an enzyme called _____ synthesizes RNA.

Answer 7

RNA polymerase

Question 8

This enzyme binds to the _____ of the gene being transcribed.

Answer 8

Promoter

Question 9

During transcription, RNA is synthesized _____.

Answer 9

Beginning at the 5’ end of the RNA molecule

Question 10

In complex organisms, different cell types express different genes. This is possible because proteins called _____ help to initiate transcription at specific sites.

Answer 10

Transcription factors

Question 11

The three stages of transcription, in the correct order, are _____.

Answer 11

Initiation, elongation, and termination

Question 12

RNA is transcribed using a gene’s _____.

Answer 12

Template strand

Question 13

In eukaryotic cells, parts of a molecule of mRNA called _____ are removed after transcription.

Answer 13

Introns

Question 14

Diseases that are caused by protein misfolding include _____.

Answer 14

Cystic fibrosis and Huntington disease

Question 15

What happens when a human eats protein from an animal?

Answer 15

The protein is broken down into amino acids, which are then incorporated into human proteins

Question 16

Based on experiments by Francis Crick and coworkers on the genetic code, predict which changes to a DNA sequence will change the reading frame.

Answer 16

Addition of 1 nucleotide

Addition of 4 nucleotides

Addition of 2 nucleotides

Removal of 2 nucleotides

Question 17

Chymotrypsin is a digestive enzyme composed of a single polypeptide chain that breaks down proteins into smaller peptides. If you could observe chymotrypsin at work within the small intestine, what is the most complex level of protein structure you would be observing?

Answer 17

Tertiary

Question 18

You are interested in studying diseases that might be caused by mutations that affect the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) signal sequence in proteins. You are looking at labeled proteins in cells under a microscope, and comparing cells from people with and without disease conditions. Where do you expect to find proteins with mutated signal sequences?

Answer 18

Proteins that are normally secreted or membrane bound will be found in the cytosol

Question 19

A DNA template strand has the following sequence: GCTTCACTAAATACA
Place in order the RNA codons and amino acids that would result after transcription and translation.

Answer 19

mRNA: CGA AGU GAU UUA UGU
Protein: Arg Ser Asp Leu Cys

Question 20

You are studying the levels of proteins in different tissue types in samples from mice. The levels of some proteins are rather uniform among tissue types. In contrast, you are surprised to find that a protein called class III β-tubulin is present only in brain tissue from the mouse and is undetectable in other tissues. What is the most likely explanation for this finding?

Answer 20

The difference is most likely due to the action of transcription factors

Question 21

The human body cannot synthesize these amino acids

Answer 21

Essential

Question 22

The human body can synthesize these amino acids

Answer 22

Non-essential

Question 23

The human body can synthesize these amino acids, except for in certain circumstances

Answer 23

Conditionally essential

Question 24

You are studying a drug that blocks translation in bacteria. You want to know more about its mechanism of action. You treat bacteria with the drug and isolate mRNAs with their associated proteins from the treated bacteria. In bacteria treated with the drug, you find the small ribosomal subunit bound to the mRNAs, but not the large subunit. In which stage does this drug arrest translation?

Answer 24

Initiation

Question 25

During transcription _____.

Answer 25

RNA is synthesized from DNA

Question 26

In critically ill people, the body’s need for glutamine exceeds the person’s ability to produce glutamine. Therefore, glutamine is a(n) _____ amino acid.

Answer 26

Conditionally essential

Question 27

Ribose is an important component of RNA because _____.

Answer 27

It is less stable than deoxyribose, which enables RNA to function as a short-term carrier of genetic information

Question 28

If part of a DNA template is the sequence GTTAGTCTGTGGGCT, then the DNA coding strand has the sequence _____.

Answer 28

CAATCAGACACCCGA

Question 29

The base that is in RNA but not in DNA is _____.

Answer 29

Uracil

Question 30

_____ tRNAs are required to translate the DNA template sequence GTTCTGTGGGCTACT into amino acids.

Answer 30

Four

Question 31

Select the tRNA anticodon that would bind to a codon that encodes isoleucine.

Answer 31

UAA

Question 32

The amino acid sequence corresponding to the DNA template sequence of GTTAGTCTGTGGGCT is _____.

Answer 32

gln-ser-asp-thr-arg

Question 33

In denaturing gel electrophoresis, a protein is coated with a detergent called SDS. SDS prevents any hydrogen bonds from forming within the protein, which allows the protein to migrate on the gel according to its molecular weight. What level of structure do proteins on a denaturing gel have?

Answer 33

Primary

Question 34

A mutation that changes one particular amino acid into another can affect the functioning of other amino acids farther away in the primary sequence due to _____.

Answer 34

Protein folding