Ch. 2 - Cells Flashcards
The cellular basis of muscular dystrophy is that some of a child’s muscle cells _____.
Lack a protein that enables them to withstand the force of contraction
Select the true statement regarding types of cells.
Somatic cells are diploid, meaning that they have two copies of the human genome
Egg cells are _____.
Haploid germ cells
A type of vesicle that ferries molecules, such as cholesterol, to lysosomes is an _____.
Endosome
Ribosomes are in the cells of _____.
All organisms
The internal architecture of a cell consists of _____.
Microtubules, intermediate filaments, and microfilaments
Which of the following acts as a quality control center for cells?
Endoplasmic reticulum
In mitochondria, _____.
Energy from nutrients is converted into a form that a cell can use
People with giant axons lose the ability to move and see because _____.
They lack a protein, called gigaxonin, which normally breaks down intermediate filaments and recycles their components
The organelle that is the equivalent of a cellular garbage disposal system is the _____.
Lysosome
The cell type with the most mitochondria is _____.
Muscle
During apoptosis, caspases _____.
Activate enzymes that cut DNA into same-sized pieces
The part of a chromosome that shortens with each cell division, functioning as a “clock,” is the _____.
Telomere
A cell lacking which type of proteins would be most likely to activate the spindle assembly checkpoint in mitosis?
Tubulin
Factors that control how often a cell divides include _____.
Telomere lengths, hormonal signals, crowding, and growth factors
At the point in the cell cycle when mitosis begins _____.
Each chromosome consists of two identical chromatids joined at the centromere
An experimental treatment for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (Lou Gehrig’s disease), which causes gradual loss of the ability to move, sends four genes into cells sampled from a patient’s skin. This procedure reprograms the cells, which are then exposed to molecules and genes that stimulate them to develop as healthy versions of the cells affected in the disease. These cells are implanted into the patient. They are _____.
Induced pluripotent stem cells
Human embryonic stem cells that are used in research are _____.
Cultured in laboratory dishes from inner cell mass cells taken from a very early embryo
A cell that can divide to give rise to any cell type, including those of membranes that support the developing embryo, is _____.
Totipotent
Which of the following bacteria benefits humans?
Lactobacillus
Somatic cells that are reprogrammed to into any of several cell types
_____.
Induced pluripotent stem cells
Stem cells that can self-renew and are found in embryos, fetuses, children, and adults _____.
Adult stem cells
Stem cells taken from the inner cell mass _____.
Embryonic stem cells
You are studying the cytoskeleton in budding yeast, a model organism used in science laboratories. You isolate a mutant that seems to be unable to segregate its chromosomes in mitosis. You know the mutation is in a cytoskeletal component. Which component do you suspect that the mutation is in?
Microtubules
