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BIOL2316.088TR > Ch. 3 - Meiosis, Development, and Aging > Flashcards

Ch. 3 - Meiosis, Development, and Aging Flashcards

1
Q

The _____ testes are the male gonads.

A

Testes

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2
Q

The ovary in an adult contains _____.

A

Many oocytes in various stages of maturity

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3
Q

Sperm cells and egg cells (oocytes) are called _____.

A

Gametes

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4
Q

Meiosis is necessary because otherwise _____.

A

The fertilized ovum will have too much genetic material

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5
Q

You are looking under a microscope at a cell from an organism that has a diploid number of 8. The cell appears to have 16 separated chromosomes that appear to be moving away from the center of the cell. In which phase of the cell cycle is this cell?

A

Anaphase of mitosis

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6
Q

A diploid cell has 44 chromosomes. After meiosis I, how many chromosomes does it have? How many chromatids?

A

22; 44

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7
Q

A normal oogonium is a(n) _____ cell.

A

Diploid

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8
Q

The female gamete just before it is fertilized is termed _____.

A

A secondary oocyte

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9
Q

What is the arrangement of chromosomes in an oocyte in a female at birth if the species has a diploid number of 20? Hint: Recall which phase of the cell cycle oocytes are arrested at in a female prior to birth.

A

20 chromosomes, each with two sister chromatids

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10
Q

The placenta _____.

A

Nourishes the fetus and secretes hormones that maintain the pregnancy

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11
Q

Which of the following characteristics of the fetus distinguishes it from the embryo?

A

Bone replaces the softer cartilage

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12
Q

Amniotic fluid _____.

A

Cushions the embryo

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13
Q

Fertilization usually occurs in the _____.

A

Uterine tube

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14
Q

The hormone measured in a home pregnancy test is _____.

A

hCG

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15
Q

Body parts derived from mesoderm are the _____.

A

Muscle tissue, bone tissue, and internal reproductive organs

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16
Q

Which of these events occurs specifically in the embryo and not the fetus?

A

Neural tube formation

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17
Q

The zona pellucida is _____.

A

A protective layer around the secondary oocyte

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18
Q

Thalidomide is _____.

A

A drug that causes fetal limb defects, but is used to treat leprosy

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19
Q

Monica takes the drug Accutane throughout her pregnancy, and her child has intellectual disabilities and heart problems, due to the exposure. Accutane is a(n) _____.

A

Teratogen

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20
Q

A single-gene disease that can cause symptoms in a fetus is _____.

A

Osteogenesis imperfecta

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21
Q

Which of the following disorders become more common with age? Check all that apply.

A

Alzheimer disease; Polycystic kidney disease

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22
Q

A species has a diploid number of 36. Without meiosis, the gametes would each contain _____ chromosomes, and the fertilized ovum would have _____ chromosomes.

A

36; 72

23
Q

Genetically overloaded cells, like those that would arise from fertilization between cells that had not undergone meiosis, are called _____ cells.

A

Polyploid

24
Q

How many sex chromosomes does a human sperm or egg contain? How many autosomes?

A

1; 22

25
Q

Lithium is a drug used to treat bipolar disorder. If taken during pregnancy, it can cause heart defects. Based on what you’ve learned about teratogens, when do you predict an embryo or fetus will be sensitive to lithium?

A

From 0-1.5 months

26
Q

Select the teratogens.

A

Thalidomide; accutane; diethylstilbestrol; alcohol

27
Q

A woman comes into her obstetrician’s office for an exam. She is visibly pregnant but does not know how far along she is. Upon ultrasound examination, the baby’s skin appears wrinkled and pink. The baby is in a head to knee position. At what stage do you estimate the baby to be?

A

A six month old fetus

28
Q

Select characteristics specific to an embryo.

A

The primitive streak appears; the neural tube forms; the heart begins to beat

29
Q

Select adult diseases that have been shown to be associated with fetal malnourishment.

A

Coronary artery disease; schizophrenia; stroke; hypertension

30
Q

Results from a mutation in the gene that encodes the protein lamin A _____.

A

Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome

31
Q

Patients from this disease are short because they skip the growth spurt of adolescence _____.

A

Werner syndrome

32
Q

People with this disease may have a normal life span, but develop cancer or osteoporosis at a young age _____.

A

Rothmund-Thomson syndrome

33
Q

What is the molecular mechanism underlying most accelerated aging conditions?

A

Inadequate DNA repair[

34
Q

A diploid cell from a certain species has 16 chromosomes. In a cell undergoing cell division, homologous chromosomes are separating, with 8 chromosomes (each with two chromatids) going to each daughter cell. What is the cell cycle stage of this cell?

A

Anaphase I of meiosis

35
Q

Gametes from which parent determine the sex of the baby?

A

Male

36
Q

Some types of male infertility are caused by seminal fluid that is too thick for the sperm to move around properly. Predict which structures might not be working correctly in this type of male infertility.

A

Prostate gland; seminal vesicles; bulbourethral glands

37
Q

One division

Daughter cells are genetically identical

Occurs in somatic cells

Two daughter cells

Used for growth and repair

A

Mitosis

38
Q

Two divisions

Reduces chromosome number by half

Occurs only in gremlin cells

Four daughter cells

Used for sexual reproduction

A

Meiosis

39
Q

Homologous chromosomes form pairs

Two daughter cells are formed

Crossing over occur

The number of replicated chromosomes is halved

A

Meiosis I

40
Q

Sister chromatids separate

Four daughter cells are formed

A

Meiosis II

41
Q

4 gametes are produced that can potentially contribute to a zygote

A mitochondria-containing mid piece must be present in mature cells

An acrosomal region must be present in mature cells

A

Spermatogenesis

42
Q

Polar bodies are formed

One gamete is produced

Meiosis is completed only if fertilization occurs

A

Oogenesis

43
Q

A(n) egg or sperm cell may also be called a _____.

A

Gamete

44
Q

During fertilization, a sperm cell and an ovum unite to form a _____.

A

Zygote

45
Q

After fertilization, a series of rapid cell divisions occurs. This stage is called _____.

A

Cleavage

46
Q

The _____ is a solid ball of sixteen or more cells.

A

Morula

47
Q

A _____ is a hollow ball of cells with a fluid-filled center.

A

Blastocyst

48
Q

An embryo with three layers of cells is called a _____.

A

Gastrula

49
Q

Approximately two thirds of all birth defects arise during the _____ period.

A

Embryonic

50
Q

A chemical or other agent that causes birth defects is called a _____.

A

Teratogen

51
Q

The _____ is the time when genetic abnormalities, toxic substances, or viruses can alter a specific structure.

A

Critical period

52
Q

Ingestion of certain _____, such as vitamin A, can cause birth defects.

A

Nutrients

53
Q

Some birth defects are caused by mutant _____.

A

Genes

BIOL2316.088TR (16 decks)

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