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AP Biology > Unit 3: Energy and Living Systems > Flashcards

Unit 3: Energy and Living Systems Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

metabolism

A

the totality of an organism’s chemical reactions

-as a whole, manages the material and energy resources of the cell

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2
Q

metabolic pathway

A

begins with a specific molecule which is then altered in a series of defined steps (enzyme catalyzed reactions) resulting in a certain product

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3
Q

catabolic pathways

A

metabolic pathways that release energy by breaking down complex molecules to simpler compounds
-ex. cellular respiration

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4
Q

anabolic pathways

A

consume energy to build complicated molecules from simpler ones
-ex. synthesis of amino acids and proteins

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5
Q

bioenergetics

A

study of how energy flows through living systems

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6
Q

energy

A

the capacity to cause change or rearrange a collection of matter

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7
Q

kinetic energy

A

energy associated with the relative motion of objects

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8
Q

thermal energy

A

kinetic energy associated with the random movements of atoms or molecules

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9
Q

potential energy

A

energy matter possesses because of its location

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10
Q

chemical energy

A

refers to the potential energy available for release in a chemical reaction

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11
Q

thermodynamics

A

the study of energy transformations that occur in a collection of matter

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12
Q

First Law of Thermodynamics

A
  • energy can be transferred and transformed but it cannot be created or destroyed
    • during every transfer or transformation some energy becomes unavailable to do work (lost as heat)
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13
Q

entropy

A
  • a measure of disorder
  • increased by a loss of usable energy (heat given off)
  • sometimes visible as a physical disintegration of a structure
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14
Q

Second Law of Thermodynamics

A

every energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy of the universe

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15
Q

spontaneous process

A

a process that can occur without an input of energy

-must increase entropy of universe to occur

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16
Q

Free energy

A

the portion of a system’s energy that can perform work when temp and pressure are uniform throughout the system
-can be seen as a measure of a system’s instability (tendency to change to a more stable state)

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17
Q

Free energy change, ^G

A 
^G= ^H-T^S
^H= change in enthalpy 
^S= change in systems entropy
T= absolute temperature (K)
-only processes with negative ^G are spontaneous (spontaneous process decrease system's free energy)
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18
Q

chemical equilibrium

A

when forward and backwards reaction occur at the same rate

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19
Q

Free Energy and Euilibrium

A

free energy decreases, as a reaction proceeds toward equilibrium

  • a reaction in equilibrium cannot perform work
  • a process is spontaneous and can perform work only when it is moving toward equilibrium
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20
Q

Exergonic reaction

A

negative change in G

  • proceeds with a net release of free energy
  • reactions that occur spontaneously
  • ^G = maximum amount of work a reaction can perform
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21
Q

Endergonic reaction

A
  • absorbs free energy from surrounding (+^G)
  • non-spontaneous
  • ^G= energy required to drive the reaction
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22
Q

Equilibrium and Metabolism

A
  • reactions in an isolated system will eventually reach equilibrium
  • constant flow of material into and out of a cell keeps metabolic pathways from reaching equilibrium
    • product of one reaction becomes a reactant in the next step (occurs in cellular respiration)
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23
Q

Cell does 3 kinds of work

A
  • chemical work: pushing of endorgonic reactions that would not occur spontaneously
  • transport work: actively pumping substances across membrane
  • mechanical work: cell movement
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24
Q

energy coupling

A

use of an exergonic process to drive a endergonic one

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25
Q

ATP

A
  • adenosine triphosphate
  • contains sugar ribose, the nitrogenous base adenine, and a chain of three phosphate group
  • chain of three negative phosphates act as spring
  • plays a role in energy coupling and is used to make RNA
26
Q

Hydrolysis of ATP

A
  • the bond between phosphate groups is broken by hydrolysis. ATP becomes ADP and energy is released
  • exergonic and releases about 7.3 kcal of energy per mole ATP
27
Q

How the Hydrolysis of ATP performs work

A
  • generates heat which may be use to warm body
  • most energy is harnessed by the cells proteins to perform work
  • coupling
  • drives transport and mechanical work by changing shape of proteins
28
Q

ATP and coupling

A
  • energy created by ATP hydrolysis is used to drive reaction which, by themselves, are endergonic
  • usually involves transfer of a phosphate group to another molecule
29
Q

phosphorylated intermediate

A

recipient of the ATP phosphate group. More reactive than the original molecule

30
Q

Regeneration of ATP

A

-energy from catabolic pathways is used to add a phosphate group to ADP, creating ATP

31
Q

carrying capacity

A

(K), the maximum population size that a particular environment can sustain

32
Q

The Logistic Growth Model

A

per capita rate of increase (r) approaches zero as carrying capacity is reached

33
Q

Allee effect

A

-individuals may have a more difficult time surviving or reproducing if population is small

34
Q

life history

A

made up of the traits that affect an organism’s schedule of reproduction and survival

  • when reproduction begins
  • how often organisms reproduce
  • how many offspring produced per reproductive episode
35
Q

semelparity

A

organisms reproduce only once but produce a large number of offspring

36
Q

iteroparity

A

organisms that produce relatively few but large offspring each time they reproduce and provision offspring better

37
Q

Factors that contribute to evolution of semelparity or iteroparity

A
  • survival rate of offspring. If low semelparity is favored

- likelihood adult will survive to reproduce again (if unlikely semelparity is favored)

38
Q

K-selection

A

selection for traits that are sensitive to population density and are favored at high densities

39
Q

r-selection

A

selection for traits that maximize reproductive success at low-densities

40
Q

conservation of mass in ecosystems

A
  • mass is neither created or destroyed
  • allows us to determine how much of a chemical element cycles within an ecosystem
  • elements can also be gained or lost by environment
  • most elements are recycled within an ecosystem
41
Q

primary producers

A

autotrophs who ultimately support all other trophic levels

-most are photosynthetic organisms

42
Q

heterotrophs

A

depend directly or indirectly on the outputs of primary producers for their energy

43
Q

primary consumers

A

herbivores

44
Q

secondary consumers

A

carnivores that eat herbivores

45
Q

tertiary consumers

A

carnivores that eat carnivores

46
Q

detritivores

A
  • aka decomposers
  • get energy from detritus
  • break down organic material
  • recycle chemical elements
47
Q

detritus

A

nonliving organic material

48
Q

primary production

A

the amount of light energy converted to chemical energy (organic compounds) in an ecosystem for at period of time

49
Q

Ecosystem Energy Budgets

A

-total amount of photosynthetic production sets ecosystems “energy budget”

50
Q

gross primary product

A

the amount of energy from light (or chemicals) converted to the chemical energy of organic molecules per unit of time

51
Q

net primary product

A

equals the gross primary production minus energy used by primary producers for “autotrophic respiration” (Ra)
-amount of new biomass added in a given period of time

52
Q

net ecosystem production

A

a measure of the total biomass accumulation during that time

  • GPP-total respiration of all organisms in the system (Rt)
  • determines whether an ecosystem is gaining or losing carbon over time
  • may be estimated by measuring the flow of CO2 or O2 into and out of an ecosystem
53
Q

Nutrient Limitation

A
  • nutrients limit primary production more than light in most lakes and oceans
  • areas of upwelling (deep-nutrient rich waters circulate to the oceans surface)
54
Q

limiting nutrient

A

the element that must be added for primary production to increase
-usually nitrogen or phosphorous

55
Q

eutrophication

A

nutrients become highly concentrated in water, causing a great increase in growth of organisms
-causes loss of fish species in lakes

56
Q

Primary Production in Terrestrial Ecosystems

A
  • controlled mainly by temperature and moisture

- also limited by mineral nutrients (phosphorous or nitrogen)

57
Q

secondary production

A

the amount of chemical energy in consumers’ food that is converted to their own biomass during a given period

58
Q

production efficienty

A

-the percentage of energy stored in assimilated food(not including the undigestable parts) that is not used for respiration
=(net secondary production/ assimilation of primary production)
-mammals and birds have the lowest (around 1-3%) as they must maintain body heat

59
Q

net secondary production

A

total energy stored in biomass

60
Q

assimilation of primary production

A

the total energy taken in, not including losses

61
Q

Trophic efficiency

A

the percentage of production transferred from one trophic level to the next

  • typically around 10%
  • loss of energy along a food chain limits the abundance of top-level consumers an ecosystem can support
62
Q

turnover time

A

[standing crop (g/m^2)]/[production (g/m^2 times day)]

AP Biology (17 decks)

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