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AP Biology > Unit 2 part 2 (the cell) > Flashcards

Unit 2 part 2 (the cell) Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

All Cells Contain certain features

A
  • bounded by plasma membrane
  • contain cytosol
  • chromosomes
  • ribosomes
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2
Q

Eukaryotic vs. Prokaryotic cells

A

Eukaryotic:
- most of DNA is contained in the nucleus
-contain organelles
-larger
Prokaryotic:
- DNA concentrated in nucleoid, a non-membrane bound region
-smaller

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3
Q

cytosol

A

a jellylike substance in which subcellular components are suspended

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4
Q

ration of surface area to volume in cells

A
  • critical
  • for each section of membrane, only a limited amount of a particular substance can cross per second
  • smaller objects have a greater ratio
  • need for surface area large enough for volume explains microscopic size and oval like shapes of some cells
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5
Q

microvilli

A

long thin projections from the surface of a cell which increase surface area

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6
Q

nucleus

A

contains most of the genes in a eukaryotic cell

-directs protein synthesis by synthesizing messenger RNA according to DNA instructions

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7
Q

nuclear envelope

A

a lipid bilayer membrane, perforated by pores that surrounds the nucleus

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8
Q

pore complex

A

lines each pore in the nuclear envelope, regulates passage of proteins, RNA, and macromolecules

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9
Q

nuclear lamina

A

lines the nuclear side of the envelope

  • net of protein filaments that maintains the shape of the nucleus by mechanically supporting the envelope
  • may help organize genetic material
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10
Q

chromosomes

A

structures that carry genetic info. Each contains one DNA molecule wrapped around associated proteins

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11
Q

chromatin

A

the complex of DNA and proteins making up chromosomes

-chromosomes cannot be distinguished when cell is not dividing

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12
Q

nucleolus:

A

mass of densely stained granules and fibers in the nucleus

  • location where ribosomal RNA is synthesized
  • proteins are assembled with rRNA into large and small subunits of ribosomes
    • exit into cytoplasm and combine
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13
Q

Ribosomes

A

complexes made of rRNA and protein that carry out protein synthesis

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14
Q

free ribosomes

A

suspended in cytosol, proteins function within cytosol, intended for cells own use

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15
Q

bound ribosomes

A

attached to ER or nuclear envelope.

-produce proteins bound for insertion into membranes, packaging into organelles, or usually export from the cell

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16
Q

endomembrane system

A

includes the nuclear envelope, ER, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vesicles and vacuoles, and the plasma membrane
-carries out synthesis and transport of proteins, metabolism, movement of lipids, and detoxification of poisons

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17
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum:

A

consists of a network of membranous tubules and sacs called cisternae
-ER membrane separates internal compertment(lumen or cisternal space) from cytosol

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18
Q

smooth ER

A

outer surface lacks ribosomes

  • may function in synthesis of lipids, metabolism of carbs, detoxification of poisons, and storage of calcium ions
  • produces steroids in animal cells
  • detoxification involves adding hydroxyl to a group so it is more soluable
  • stored calcium can trigger responses, such as muscle contraction
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19
Q

Rough ER

A

studded with ribosomes on outer surface

  • ribosomes produce secretary proteins
  • depart from ER in transport vesicles that bubble out of the transitional ER
  • membrane factory for the cell; Adds membrane proteins and phospholipids to its own membrane and portions of it are transferred as transport vesicles to other compartments of the endomembrane system
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20
Q

The Golgi Apparatus

A
  • products of ER are modified and stores and then sent to their destinations
  • consists of membranous sacks
  • membranes of cisternae on opposite sides of the stack differ in thickness and composition
  • proteins modified as the pass from cis to trans face
  • sorts products, phosphate groups added to products act as ZIP codes or transport vesicles may have membranes that recognize certain docking points
21
Q

cis face of Golgi

A

-near ER, receiving part of Golgi

22
Q

trans face of Golgi

A

-shipping, gives rise to vesicles that travel to other sites

23
Q

cisternal maturation model

A

says that cisternae of the Golgi progress forward from the cis to trans face, carrying and modifying cargo as they go

24
Q

Lysosome

A

a membranous sac of hydrolytic enzymes that an animal cell uses to digest macromolecules
-hydrolytic enzymes and lysosome are made by Rough ER then transferred to Golfi

25
Q

Phagocytosis

A

Food vacuoles engulf smaller organisms and then fuse with lysosome whose enzymes digest the food
-digestion products pass into cytosol and are used as nutrients for the cell

26
Q

autophagy

A

Lysosomes recycle the cells own organic material

  • damaged organelle becomes surrounded by a double membrane
  • lysosome fuses with outer membrane of the vesicle, enzymes dismantle enclosed material which are returned to cytosol for reuse
  • allows cell to continually renew itself
27
Q

Vacuoles

A

large vesicles derived from the ER and the Golgi

  • used for storage
  • in plants, can hold reserves of organic compounds, poisons, or pigments
28
Q

Food vacuoles

A

formed by phagocytosis of microorganisms to be used as food for the cell

29
Q

contractile vesicles

A

pump excess water out of the cells, maintaining a suitable concentration of ions and molecules

30
Q

Central vacuole

A

found in mature plant cells

  • contain cell sap- the plant cells main repository of inorganic ions
  • enlarges cell as it absorbs water
31
Q

mitochondria

A

the sites of cellular respiration, the metabolic process that uses oxygen to generate ATP by extracting energy from fuels

  • cells can contain hundreds, more active the cell, the more mitochondria
  • move around, change shape, and divide
32
Q

Structure of mitochondria

A

enclosed by two membranes- outer is smooth, inner has infoldings called cristae which give this membrane a large surface area
-intermembrane space; the narrow region between the inner and outer membrane
mitochondrial matrix: contains many different enzymes as well as DNA and ribosomes

33
Q

Chloroplasts

A
  • contain chlorophyll and function in the photosynthetic production of sugar
  • -move around, change shape, and divide
34
Q

thylakoids

A

a membrane system within the chloroplast

  • in some regions, stacked like poker chips
  • each stack is called a granum
35
Q

Stroma

A

in the chloroplast, fluid outside the thylakoids which contains the chloroplast DNA and ribosomes and enzymes

36
Q

plastids

A

a family of closely related plant organelles

37
Q

Peroxisome

A

a specialized metabolic compartment bounded by a single membrane

  • contain enzymes that transfer H atoms from various substrates to oxygen creating H2O2
    • some use oxygen to break down fatty acids and convert H2O2 to water
38
Q

glyoxysomes

A

found in fat-storing tissue of plant seeds.

-convert fatty acids to sugar, which is used for energy by the seedling

39
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

a network of fibers that organizes structures and activities in the cell

40
Q

Roles of the Cytoskeleton

A
  • gives mechanical support to cell and maintains its shape (stabilized by a balance between opposing forces exerted by elements)
  • provides anchorage for organelles and molecules
  • several types of cell motility involve the cytoskeleton (ex. reacts with motor proteins)
  • manipulates plasma membrane- bends it inward to create vesicles
41
Q

microtubles

A

hollow rods measuring w=25nm and l=200nm-25um

  • made up of tubulin, each tubulin dimer is made up of 2 slightly different polypeptides
  • grow by adding tubular dimers
  • two ends are slightly different
  • shape and support cell, serve as tracks
42
Q

Centrosomes

A

a region often located near the nucleus which grows and organizes microtubles

43
Q

Centrioles

A

located within the centrosome, composed of nine sets of triplet microtubles arranged in a ring
-replicate before animal cells divide

44
Q

microfilaments

A

aka actin filaments

  • role is to bear tension
  • 3D network formed by microfilaments just inside the plasma membrane supports cell structure and gives cortex( outer cytoplasmic layer) a semisolid consistency
  • part of a contractile apparatus in muscle cells
45
Q

psuedopodia

A

cellular extensions that help an amoeba to pull itself forwards

46
Q

cytoplasmic streaming

A

a circular flow of cytoplasm within cells; speeding the distribution of material within the cell

47
Q

Intermediate filaments

A

larger than microfilaments but smaller than microtubules

  • diverse and specialized for bearing tension
  • more permanent, especially sturdy, play an important role in reinforcing the shape of the cell
48
Q

actin filaments and muscle cell contraction

A
  • myosin filament projections walk along microfilaments, shortening the cell
  • similar process used to pinch dividing animal cell into two and helps amoeba motility

AP Biology (17 decks)

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