Unit 3 Chapter 9

Question 1

How long does an egg and sperm survive for?

Answer 1

egg 24 hours
sperm 7 days

Question 2

Why is the cervical mucus beneficial for the sperm?

Answer 2

becomes more fluid and organized into channels that help the sperm move toward the uterus.

Question 3

fertilization

Answer 3

The fusion of a father’s sperm with a mother’s ovum to form a zygote or fertilized egg

Question 4

embryo define

Answer 4

zygote implants in the woman’s uterus

Question 5

What happens to the cells & embryo after the first 3 days after fertilization?

Answer 5

zygote implants in the woman’s uterus

Question 6

By what day does the embryo attach to the lining of the uterus and implant?

Answer 6

by the 6th day

Question 7

What is HCG and why is it important?

Answer 7

produced by the placenta soon after implantation of the embryo.
A pregnancy test is the analysis of the presence of HCG in a woman’s urine.

Question 8

ectopic pregnancy define

Answer 8

fertilized egg implants somewhere other than the uterus.
This requires immediate intervention to save the tube from bursting.

Question 9

What does HCG do?

Answer 9

increase & prolonged production of estrogen & progesterone

Question 10

By what week does the entire embody of the embryo form?

Answer 10

by 10 weeks

Question 11

amnion

Answer 11

fetus is enclosed in a fluid-filled sac

Question 12

amniotic fluid

Answer 12

protects the baby from jolts.

Question 13

placenta

Answer 13

organ that supports the growth and development of the baby.
Manufactures hormones needed to maintain pregnancy, and transports oxygen and nutrients from the mother to the fetus and waste products from the fetus to the mother.

Question 14

Changes in the mother

Answer 14

Increase in blood plasma volume by 50%
10% increase in heart rate
20–30% increase in heart output
Increase in red blood cells
Uterus grows from 7–8 centimeters long and 60–100g to 30 centimeters long and 1,000g

Question 15

what vitamins do mother need?

Answer 15

iron and folic acid

Question 16

what is the weight gain of pregnant women?

Answer 16

28-30 pounds

Question 17

How does physical activity help during pregnancy?

Answer 17

Helps overcome feelings of lethargy and discomfort with changes in baby proportions
Helps prepare the mother’s body for childbirth
Can improve circulation and reduce varicose veins
Maintains the habit of being active

Question 18

How can prenatal care help?

Answer 18

• Fewer pregnancy-related illnesses
• Early discovery of problems with the placenta
  or uterus
• Discussion of proper nutrition
• Advice on alcohol, tobacco, and drugs
• Screening for maternal infections (e.g., rubella, syphilis, gonorrhea, herpes)
• Screening for Rh incompatibility

Question 19

Reasons for birth defect testing (3)

Answer 19

• Pregnant woman is over age 35
• Parents have previously given birth to a child with birth defects
• Parents have a history of genetic or chromosomal disorders and want to confirm the absence of birth defects in the unborn child

Question 20

Amniocentesis

Answer 20

Draw out amniotic fluid for study and detection of several hundred fetal abnormalities

week 14-18

Question 21

Chorionic villus sampling (CVS)

Answer 21

During 1st trimester
Draw out chorionic villi from the uterus.
to test for fetal abnormalities

Question 22

Success and Failure rates with regard to pregnancy.

Answer 22

Success rate is 20-40%
Failure is around 50%

Question 23

common causes of infertility

Answer 23

blockage from scarring of fallopian tubes from gonorrhea or chlamydia or even from the epididymis via bacterial infection

Question 24

infertile couple rate

Answer 24

1 in 5

Question 25

Artificial Insemination

Answer 25

used for men with healthy but not enough sperm
Introduces semen directly into the cervix via syringe
You need 20 million healthy sperm for conception

Question 26

Gamete intrafallopian transfer (GIFT)

Answer 26

Ova being equally placed in fallopian tubes
Semen directly going into fallopian tubes
10-20% effective still

Question 26

Zygote intrafallopian transfer (ZIFT)

Answer 26

Eggs fertilized in vitro and embryo is placed in fallopian tube
10-20% effective still

Question 27

Advantages of Breastfeeding

Answer 27

Transfers immunity
Promotes development of digestion
Fewer allergies
More balanced nutrition
etc.

Question 28

Female Hormones that prepare their body for pregnancy

Answer 28

Estrogen and progesterone

Question 29

Braxton-Hicks contractions

Answer 29

during the last half of the pregnancy feel like labor contractions but are not because they are shorter and irregular.

Question 30

How is labor categorized as?

Answer 30

occurrence of strong, rhythmic, and eventually frequent uterine contractions.

Question 31

How is labor inducted?

Answer 31

Usage of prostaglandins to cervix, breaks amniotic sac, gives Pitocin (oxytocin)

Question 32

epiostomy

Answer 32

incision from vagina to anus
Used if the baby’s head is too big (it’s too big cause the mother is really small), infant is in distress, infant is in irregular position, etc.

Question 33

episiotomy disadvanatges

Answer 33

cause infections, increased pain, slower healing, etc.

Question 34

3 stages of labor

Answer 34

1st - cervix is dilated as it allows baby to leave
2nd - cervix fully dilated and infant descends through vaginal canal
3rd - leaving of placenta

Question 35

when do you use c sections

Answer 35

fetal head is too large for the mother’s pelvic structure, the mother is ill, there is active herpes infection in the vaginal tract, there is fetal distress during labor, or there are birth complications

Question 36

what happens to hormonal levels after pregnancy

Answer 36

levels of progesterone and estrogen, which are high during pregnancy, drop rapidly.

Question 37

3 ways to adopt a child

Answer 37

Private adoption—state licensed
Public adoption—state licensed
International adoption

Question 38

In vitro fertilization (IVF)

Answer 38

several ova from the ovaries and fertilizing them in a laboratory environment; the embryo is then placed inside the woman’s uterus.