Unit 3 Chapter 9 Flashcards
How long does an egg and sperm survive for?
egg 24 hours
sperm 7 days
Why is the cervical mucus beneficial for the sperm?
becomes more fluid and organized into channels that help the sperm move toward the uterus.
fertilization
The fusion of a father’s sperm with a mother’s ovum to form a zygote or fertilized egg
embryo define
zygote implants in the woman’s uterus
What happens to the cells & embryo after the first 3 days after fertilization?
zygote implants in the woman’s uterus
By what day does the embryo attach to the lining of the uterus and implant?
by the 6th day
What is HCG and why is it important?
produced by the placenta soon after implantation of the embryo.
A pregnancy test is the analysis of the presence of HCG in a woman’s urine.
ectopic pregnancy define
fertilized egg implants somewhere other than the uterus.
This requires immediate intervention to save the tube from bursting.
What does HCG do?
increase & prolonged production of estrogen & progesterone
By what week does the entire embody of the embryo form?
by 10 weeks
amnion
fetus is enclosed in a fluid-filled sac
amniotic fluid
protects the baby from jolts.
placenta
organ that supports the growth and development of the baby.
Manufactures hormones needed to maintain pregnancy, and transports oxygen and nutrients from the mother to the fetus and waste products from the fetus to the mother.
Changes in the mother
Increase in blood plasma volume by 50%
10% increase in heart rate
20–30% increase in heart output
Increase in red blood cells
Uterus grows from 7–8 centimeters long and 60–100g to 30 centimeters long and 1,000g
what vitamins do mother need?
iron and folic acid
what is the weight gain of pregnant women?
28-30 pounds
How does physical activity help during pregnancy?
Helps overcome feelings of lethargy and discomfort with changes in baby proportions
Helps prepare the mother’s body for childbirth
Can improve circulation and reduce varicose veins
Maintains the habit of being active
How can prenatal care help?
- Fewer pregnancy-related illnesses
- Early discovery of problems with the placenta
or uterus - Discussion of proper nutrition
- Advice on alcohol, tobacco, and drugs
- Screening for maternal infections (e.g., rubella, syphilis, gonorrhea, herpes)
- Screening for Rh incompatibility
Reasons for birth defect testing (3)
- Pregnant woman is over age 35
- Parents have previously given birth to a child with birth defects
- Parents have a history of genetic or chromosomal disorders and want to confirm the absence of birth defects in the unborn child
Amniocentesis
Draw out amniotic fluid for study and detection of several hundred fetal abnormalities
week 14-18
Chorionic villus sampling (CVS)
During 1st trimester
Draw out chorionic villi from the uterus.
to test for fetal abnormalities
Success and Failure rates with regard to pregnancy.
Success rate is 20-40%
Failure is around 50%
common causes of infertility
blockage from scarring of fallopian tubes from gonorrhea or chlamydia or even from the epididymis via bacterial infection
infertile couple rate
1 in 5
Artificial Insemination
used for men with healthy but not enough sperm
Introduces semen directly into the cervix via syringe
You need 20 million healthy sperm for conception
Gamete intrafallopian transfer (GIFT)
Ova being equally placed in fallopian tubes
Semen directly going into fallopian tubes
10-20% effective still
Zygote intrafallopian transfer (ZIFT)
Eggs fertilized in vitro and embryo is placed in fallopian tube
10-20% effective still
Advantages of Breastfeeding
Transfers immunity
Promotes development of digestion
Fewer allergies
More balanced nutrition
etc.
Female Hormones that prepare their body for pregnancy
Estrogen and progesterone
Braxton-Hicks contractions
during the last half of the pregnancy feel like labor contractions but are not because they are shorter and irregular.
How is labor categorized as?
occurrence of strong, rhythmic, and eventually frequent uterine contractions.
How is labor inducted?
Usage of prostaglandins to cervix, breaks amniotic sac, gives Pitocin (oxytocin)
epiostomy
incision from vagina to anus
Used if the baby’s head is too big (it’s too big cause the mother is really small), infant is in distress, infant is in irregular position, etc.
episiotomy disadvanatges
cause infections, increased pain, slower healing, etc.
3 stages of labor
1st - cervix is dilated as it allows baby to leave
2nd - cervix fully dilated and infant descends through vaginal canal
3rd - leaving of placenta
when do you use c sections
fetal head is too large for the mother’s pelvic structure, the mother is ill, there is active herpes infection in the vaginal tract, there is fetal distress during labor, or there are birth complications
what happens to hormonal levels after pregnancy
levels of progesterone and estrogen, which are high during pregnancy, drop rapidly.
3 ways to adopt a child
Private adoption—state licensed
Public adoption—state licensed
International adoption
In vitro fertilization (IVF)
several ova from the ovaries and fertilizing them in a laboratory environment; the embryo is then placed inside the woman’s uterus.
