Unit 3: chapter 8 vocab

Question 1

fundamental rights and freedoms protected from infringement by the government

Answer 1

civil liberities

Question 2

protections from discrimination as a member of a particular group or party

Answer 2

civil rights

Question 3

a list of fundamental rights and freedoms that individuals possess. The fist ten amendments to the U.S. Constitution are referred to as the bill of rights

Answer 3

bill of rights

Question 4

the clause in the Fourteenth amendment that restricts state governments from denying citizens their life, liberty, and property

Answer 4

due process clause

Question 5

the piecemeal process through which the Supreme Court has affirmed that almost all of the protections within the Bill of Rights also apply to state governments

Answer 5

selective incorporation

Question 6

First amendment protection against the government requiring citizens to join or support a religion

Answer 6

establishment clause

Question 7

first amendment protection of the rights of individuals to exercise and express their religious beliefs

Answer 7

free exercise clause

Question 8

a fundamental right affirmed in the First Amendment to speak, publish, and protest

Answer 8

freedom of expression

Question 9

legal standard that speech posing an immediate and serious threat to national security is not protected by the First Amendment

Answer 9

clear and present danger test

Question 10

the suppression of material prior to publication on the grounds that it might endanger national security

Answer 10

prior restraint

Question 11

protected expression in the form of images, signs, and other symbols

Answer 11

symbolic speech

Question 12

an untrue written statement that injures a person’s reputation

Answer 12

libel

Question 13

an untrue spoken expression that injures a person’s reputation

Answer 13

slander

Question 14

words, images, or videos that depict sexual activity in an offensive manner and that lack any artistic merit

Answer 14

obscenity and pornography

Question 15

laws criminalizing conduct that was legal at the time it occurred

Answer 15

ex post facto laws

Question 16

a law passed by congress punishing an individual without trial

Answer 16

bills of attainder

Question 17

a document setting out reasons for an arrest or detention

Answer 17

writ of habeas corpus

Question 18

a judicial standard requiring that fairness be applied to all individuals equally

Answer 18

procedural due process

Question 19

a document issued by a judge authorizing a search

Answer 19

warrant

Question 20

reasonable belief that a crime has been committed or that there is evidence of criminal activity

Answer 20

probable cause

Question 21

a rule that evidence obtained without a warrant is inadmissible in court

Answer 21

exclusionary rule

Question 22

a group of citizens who, based on the evidence presented to them, decide whether or not a person should be indicted n criminal charges and subsequently tried in court

Answer 22

grand jury

Question 23

protects an individual acquitted of a crime from being charged with the same crime again in the same jurisdiction

Answer 23

double jeopardy

Question 24

the right to remain silent and to have an attorney present during questioning; these rights must be given by police to individuals suspected of criminal activity

Answer 24

miranda rights

Question 25

an amount of money posted as a security to allow the charged individual to be freed while awaiting trial

Answer 25

bail