UNIT 3: Biological Macromolecules (Chapter 2) Flashcards
Biological macromolecules are all _____ molecules because they all contain ____
organic ; carbon
Three of the four classes of macromolecules - carbohydrates, ______ and _____ form chain-like molecules called ______
proteins, nucleic acids ; polymers
What are the smaller molecules or polymers called?
monomers
What is dehydration reaction/ synthesis ?
A type of synthesis chemical reaction that removed water, causing subunits to link together into macromolecules (larger molecules.)
polymers made from monomers
What is hydrolysis reaction?
When the addition of water breaks macromolecules into their subunits.
Polymers are broken down into monomers.
Which macromolecule has monosaccharides, disaccharides and polysaccharides? what do each of these terms mean?
Carbohydrates
Monosaccharide - simple sugars
Disaccharides - double sugars ( 2 monosaccharides) joined by dehydration synthesis
Polysaccharides - polymers of monosaccharides
What is the molecular formula of Monosaccharides?
CH2O
What is the most common monosaccharide and its formula?
Glucose : C6H1206
Most sugar names end in __
-ose
What are the common disaccharides?
Maltose and Sucrose
What are the roles/function of carbohydrates?
to be fuel/energy sources and storage
What is glycogen?
A polymer of glucose (Polysaccharide) used as energy storage in animal cells.
It is made in the liver and also found in muscle cells.
What are some common polysaccharides?
Glycogen Starch Cellulose Chitin Dextrans
What is starch? Why can humans digest it?
A polysaccharide used as energy storage in plants.
Humans can digest starch because our enzymes such as amylase can hydrolase the a-glucose linkages
What is Celluloses function and why can’t humans digest it?
It is a polysaccharide that provides structure in plants cell walls.
Humans can’t digest it because our enzymes cannot break down the B- glucose linkages in cellulose.
What is Chitin and Dectran?
Chitin- Structural polysaccarides that makes up the exoskeleton of arthropods and the cell walls of fungi.
Dectran- Polysaccharides found in bacteria and yeast
What determines if we can digest carbohydrates?
The alpha or Beta orientation of the linkages in the monomers.
What is the basic structure of lipids?
Triglycerides = I glycerol and 3 fatty acids
What is the difference between a saturated and unsaturated fat?
Saturated fats hav no double covalent bond, Unsaturated fats have one or more double covalent bonds.
What is the function of lipids?
Energy storage (stores more than polysaccharides) , as a layer of insulation, a protective cushion around organs, to synthesize phospholipids and steroids
What are 6 examples of lipids?
phospholipids, steroids, waxes, pigments Eicosanoids & Prostaglandins (participate in cell communication)
What are the functions of proteins?
Used in almost everything we do: Structure Support Signaling Movement Regulating Metabolism (through enzymes) Transport
S3M2T
Polymers of amino acids are called _______ and are made from the same set of ___ amino acids
polypeptides ; 20
TRUE or False: Lipids are not true polymers, they are complex molecules with two different parts
True
What are the basic structures of an amino acid?
- An amino acid group
- a carboxyl group
- an R group (each amino acid differs in their R group)
How are proteins formed?
Amino acids are joined by peptide bonds to form polypeptides. Proteins contain one or more polypeptide chains.
What are the levels of protein structure?
Primary structure
Secondary structure
Tertiary structure
Quaternary structure
What is the primary structure of a protein?
The linear order of amino acids
What is the secondary structure?
Localized folding due to Hydrogen bonds along the Carbon-Nitrogen Backbone (create alpha or beta pleated sheets)
What is the tertiary structure?
The shape that results from the interactions with ionic, covalent and hydrogen bonds between the R groups in the side chains
What is the Quaternary structure?
When two or more polypeptide chains supercoil into a larger helical structure.
What is denaturation?
The change in the shape of a protein due to changes in 2”, 3” or 4” structure.
What factors affect protein solubility or activity?
ph, temperature, ionic strength
salinity- the amount of salt in a body of water
What is the basic structure of a nucleic acid?
NUCLEOTIDES:
Nitrogenous base
Phosphate group
Pentose (5 carbon sugar)
What are the functions of Nucleic Acids?
Store and transmit information:
- DNA & RNA
Energy transfer molecules
- ATP
- cAMP
- NAD, FAD
