UNIT 3: Biological Macromolecules (Chapter 2)

Question 1

Biological macromolecules are all _____ molecules because they all contain ____

Answer 1

organic ; carbon

Question 2

Three of the four classes of macromolecules - carbohydrates, ______ and _____ form chain-like molecules called ______

Answer 2

proteins, nucleic acids ; polymers

Question 3

What are the smaller molecules or polymers called?

Answer 3

monomers

Question 4

What is dehydration reaction/ synthesis ?

Answer 4

A type of synthesis chemical reaction that removed water, causing subunits to link together into macromolecules (larger molecules.)

polymers made from monomers

Question 5

What is hydrolysis reaction?

Answer 5

When the addition of water breaks macromolecules into their subunits.

Polymers are broken down into monomers.

Question 6

Which macromolecule has monosaccharides, disaccharides and polysaccharides? what do each of these terms mean?

Answer 6

Carbohydrates
Monosaccharide - simple sugars

Disaccharides - double sugars ( 2 monosaccharides) joined by dehydration synthesis

Polysaccharides - polymers of monosaccharides

Question 7

What is the molecular formula of Monosaccharides?

Answer 7

CH2O

Question 8

What is the most common monosaccharide and its formula?

Answer 8

Glucose : C6H1206

Question 9

Most sugar names end in __

Answer 9

-ose

Question 10

What are the common disaccharides?

Answer 10

Maltose and Sucrose

Question 11

What are the roles/function of carbohydrates?

Answer 11

to be fuel/energy sources and storage

Question 12

What is glycogen?

Answer 12

A polymer of glucose (Polysaccharide) used as energy storage in animal cells.

It is made in the liver and also found in muscle cells.

Question 13

What are some common polysaccharides?

Answer 13

Glycogen
Starch 
Cellulose 
Chitin 
Dextrans

Question 14

What is starch? Why can humans digest it?

Answer 14

A polysaccharide used as energy storage in plants.

Humans can digest starch because our enzymes such as amylase can hydrolase the a-glucose linkages

Question 15

What is Celluloses function and why can’t humans digest it?

Answer 15

It is a polysaccharide that provides structure in plants cell walls.

Humans can’t digest it because our enzymes cannot break down the B- glucose linkages in cellulose.

Question 16

What is Chitin and Dectran?

Answer 16

Chitin- Structural polysaccarides that makes up the exoskeleton of arthropods and the cell walls of fungi.

Dectran- Polysaccharides found in bacteria and yeast

Question 17

What determines if we can digest carbohydrates?

Answer 17

The alpha or Beta orientation of the linkages in the monomers.

Question 18

What is the basic structure of lipids?

Answer 18

Triglycerides = I glycerol and 3 fatty acids

Question 19

What is the difference between a saturated and unsaturated fat?

Answer 19

Saturated fats hav no double covalent bond, Unsaturated fats have one or more double covalent bonds.

Question 20

What is the function of lipids?

Answer 20

Energy storage (stores more than polysaccharides) , as a layer of insulation, a protective cushion around organs, to synthesize phospholipids and steroids

Question 21

What are 6 examples of lipids?

Answer 21

phospholipids, 
steroids, 
waxes,
pigments 
Eicosanoids & Prostaglandins (participate in cell communication)

Question 22

What are the functions of proteins?

Answer 22

Used in almost everything we do: 
Structure 
Support 
Signaling 
Movement 
Regulating Metabolism (through enzymes)
Transport 

S3M2T

Question 23

Polymers of amino acids are called _______ and are made from the same set of ___ amino acids

Answer 23

polypeptides ; 20

Question 24

TRUE or False: Lipids are not true polymers, they are complex molecules with two different parts

Answer 24

True

Question 25

What are the basic structures of an amino acid?

Answer 25

• An amino acid group
• a carboxyl group
• an R group (each amino acid differs in their R group)

Question 26

How are proteins formed?

Answer 26

Amino acids are joined by peptide bonds to form polypeptides. Proteins contain one or more polypeptide chains.

Question 27

What are the levels of protein structure?

Answer 27

Primary structure
Secondary structure
Tertiary structure
Quaternary structure

Question 28

What is the primary structure of a protein?

Answer 28

The linear order of amino acids

Question 29

What is the secondary structure?

Answer 29

Localized folding due to Hydrogen bonds along the Carbon-Nitrogen Backbone (create alpha or beta pleated sheets)

Question 30

What is the tertiary structure?

Answer 30

The shape that results from the interactions with ionic, covalent and hydrogen bonds between the R groups in the side chains

Question 31

What is the Quaternary structure?

Answer 31

When two or more polypeptide chains supercoil into a larger helical structure.

Question 32

What is denaturation?

Answer 32

The change in the shape of a protein due to changes in 2”, 3” or 4” structure.

Question 33

What factors affect protein solubility or activity?

Answer 33

ph, temperature, ionic strength

salinity- the amount of salt in a body of water

Question 34

What is the basic structure of a nucleic acid?

Answer 34

NUCLEOTIDES:
Nitrogenous base
Phosphate group
Pentose (5 carbon sugar)

Question 35

What are the functions of Nucleic Acids?

Answer 35

Store and transmit information:
- DNA & RNA

Energy transfer molecules

• ATP
• cAMP
• NAD, FAD