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Microbiology > Physical and Chemical Methods of Microbial Growth Control (Chapter 9) > Flashcards

Physical and Chemical Methods of Microbial Growth Control (Chapter 9) Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Sterilization is… ;

used on inanimate objects or live tissues?

A

The process that destroys or removes all viable microbes including endoscopes and viruses ;

inanimate objects

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2
Q

What does disinfection mean?; used on inanimate objects or live tissues?

A

Physical process or chemical agent to destroy vegetative pathogens ;

inanimate

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3
Q

Decontamination/ Sanitization is… ; used on inanimate objects or live tissues?

A

Cleansing technique that mechanically removes microbes and debris ;

inanimate

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4
Q

Antisepsis/Degermation does what? ; used on inanimate objects or live tissues?

A

Reduces the number of microbes on the human skin ;

living tissue

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5
Q

What is the most resistant type of microbe?

A

Cysts, theyre like the eukaryotic version of endospores

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6
Q

Whats the standard in terms of cleansing?

A

If you take out bacterial endospores, you can pretty much take out anything else

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7
Q

Whats the least resistant microbes?

A

enveloped viruses

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8
Q

Sterilization and disinfection are _______

A

processes

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9
Q

What are the 5 agents used in process?

A
  1. Bactericide
  2. Fungicide
  3. Virucide
  4. Sporicide, 5.Germicide/microbiocide

-ide (killing)

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10
Q

What is sepsis? asepsis?

A

the growth of microorganisms in the blood and other tissues (infection)

Asepsis- (without infection)
any practice that prevents the entry of infectious agents into sterile tissues

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11
Q

What is an antiseptic?

A

antiseptics are applied to wounds to destroy or inhibit the growth of pathogens in wounds

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12
Q

What does stasis and static mean?

A

“to stand still” prevent the growth of

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13
Q

What are the 3 “-statics?”

A
  1. Bacteristatic
  2. Fungistatic
  3. Microbistatic
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14
Q

What are the 3 devices that need to be cleaned? describe them and give an example

A

Critical medical devices - expected to come in contact with sterile tissues

  • Must be sterilized
    ex: syringe needle or artificial hip.

Semicritical devices - come into contact with mucosal membranes (open mouth, eyes)

  • high level disinfection/ preferably sterilized
    ex: endoscope

Noncritical devices - do not touch the patient or only touch intact skin

  • low level disinfection unless contaminated
    ex: blood pressure cuffs or crutches
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15
Q

What are the 4 methods of microbial control?

A
  1. sterilization
  2. disinfection
  3. antisepsis (degermation)
  4. decontamination (sanitization)
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16
Q

What is microbial death?

A

The permanent termination of organisms vital processes

  • permanent loss of reproductive capabilities
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17
Q

What 5 factors affect the action of antimicrobial agents?

A
  1. The number of microbes
    - higher load of contaminants takes longer to destroy.
  2. The nature of the microorganisms in the population.
    - target population is a mixture of bacteria, fungi, spores and viruses
  3. Temperature and pH of the environment.
    - can affect the mechanism of action of the agent used
  4. The concentration (dose, intensity) of the agent
    - most disinfectants are more active at higher concentrations
  5. The mode of action of the agent
    - How does it kill or inhibit the microbes>
  6. The presence of solvents, interfering organic matter and inhibitors
    - saliva, blood and feces inhibit actions of disinfectants
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18
Q

What are the 4 cellular targets of physical and chemical agents?

A
  1. Cell wall
  2. Cytoplasmic membrane
  3. Cellular synthetic processes (DNA, RNA)
  4. Proteins
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19
Q

What agents are used for the cell wall?

A

Chemicals, detergents, alcohols

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20
Q

What agents are used for the cytoplasmic membrane?

A

Detergents and alcohol

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21
Q

What agents are used for cellular synthesis?

A

Formaldehyde, radiation and ethylene oxide

22
Q

What agents are used for proteins?

A

Moist heat, alcohol, phenolics

23
Q

What are examples of moist heat and the common temperature?

a method of physical control

A

Moist heat - hot water, boiling water or steam between 60C - 135 C

24
Q

What is dry heat?

a method of physical control

A

Dry heat- hot hair or an open flame which ranges from 160C - several thousand degrees C

25
Q

What is the difference between moist and dry heat in terms of methods

A

Moist- Operates at lower temperatures and shorter exposure times to achieve the same effectiveness as dry heat

Dry heat - dehydrates the cell, denatures the protein , can oxidate a cell causes it to burn to ashes

26
Q

What are examples of moist heat?

A

boiling water , pasteurization, steam under pressure (autoclaving)

27
Q

What are examples of dry heat?

A

Incineration, hot air oven

28
Q

What are the affects of the cold?

A

To slow the growth of cultures, can preserve cultures (temp -70C to - 135C)

29
Q

Tell me about non-ionizing radiation.

A

Its most lethal from 240 to 280 nm.

In order for it to DISINFECT properly, it must be directly exposed to it for full effect.

30
Q

Tell my about ionizing radiation

A

Highly effective way for STERILIZING materials that are sensitive to heat or chemicals

Devices that use it are

  • gamma-ray machines containing radioactive cobalt
  • X ray machines similar to those used in medical diagnosis
  • cathoderay machines

Items are placed in these machines for a short item with a carefully chosen dosage

31
Q

What is filtration?

A

Effective method to remove microbes from air and liquids.

Fluid is strained through a filter with openings large enough for the fluid to pass through.

Pores can prevent viruses or large proteins from passing

32
Q

Give examples of osmotic pressure.

A

Adding large amounts of salt or sugar to foods to create an hypertonic environment, drys out the bacteria (plasmolysis( and helps preserve food

33
Q

What are the three germicides and their meaning?

A 
High-level germicide 
kill endospores (sterilization)

Intermediate - level (kill fungal but not bacterial, spores, resistant pathogens or viruses)

Low-level- eliminate only vegetative bacteria, fungal cells and some viruses

34
Q

What is the difference between aqueous and tinctures?

A

Aqueous- chemicals dissolved in pure water as the solvent

Tinctures- Chemicals dissolved in pure alcohol or alcohol - water mixtures

35
Q

Glutaraldehyde affects what type of macromolecules?

A

Proteins ; it disrupts the activity of enzymes and other proteins within the cell

36
Q

what four things are Soaps and quats commonly used for?

A
  1. Sanitization of food preparation equipment
  2. Disinfection of restrooms
  3. Skin cleansing
  4. Sanitization of the home
37
Q

Phenolics typically kill microbes by ______.

A

disrupting cell walls and membranes and in lower concentrations, they inactivate certain critical enzyme systems(denaturing metabolic enzymes)

38
Q

Which chemical is valuable for sterilization of heat-sensitive objects such as plastics, surgical and diagnostic appliances, and spices, but is more toxic than other available related gases?

  • propylene
  • ethylene oxide
  • chlorine
  • formaldehyde
A

ethylene oxide

39
Q

Which of the following heavy metals are still used in germicidal preparations?

  • copper
  • arsenic
  • gold
  • silver
  • zinc
  • mercury
A

silver & mercury

40
Q

Iodine compounds typically kill microbes by denaturing _____

A

enzymes

41
Q

Which two alcohols are effective in microbial control?

  • isopropyl
  • methyl
  • ethyl
  • butyl
A

isopropyl & ethyl

42
Q

True or false: Soaps and detergents are sufficient on their own for home cleaning, and additional antimicrobial agents are likely to lead to resistance in the microbes.

A

True

43
Q

What is a common use for chlorhexidine solutions?

  • sterilization
  • antisepsis
  • disinfection
  • filtration
A

antisepsis

it is commonly used as an obstetrics antiseptic

44
Q

Chlorine compounds typically kill microbes by ______.

A

denaturing metabolic enzymes

45
Q

Temperature and radiation are two _______ methods used to control microbes.

A

physical

46
Q

An example of using dry heat to sterilize materials is the _____of loops and needles in the laboratory.

A

flaming

47
Q

Desiccation can preserve foods by reducing the availability of ____ to microbes for their metabolism.

A

water

48
Q

A technique in which heat is applied to liquids to kill potential agents of infection and spoilage is ___

A

pasteurization

49
Q

An effective method of controlling microbes in food products is ___

A

ionizing

50
Q

Ultraviolet radiation affects the _____ of cells.

A

DNA

51
Q

Which of the following are effects of ionizing radiation on food products?

A

Changes in texture of some foods
Small decreases in thiamine
Killing of bacterial pathogens

52
Q

Filtration has been used in what?

A

Decontamination of air
Decontamination of milk products
Water purification
Sterilization of medical products

Microbiology (13 decks)

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