Chapter 12 Flashcards
What are the primary lymphatic tissues and organs?
red bone marrow and thymus
What are the secondary lymphatic tissues and organs?
lymph nodes, spleen, MALT/GALT/tonsils
What is a Leukocyte? What two groups are they separated into?
A White blood cell which protects the body from foreign molecules.
They’re separated into two groups: granulocytes (have granules that can be released to kill foreign cells within the phagosome or affect host tissues) and agranulocytes (which doesn’t have granules and have nuclei.)
What are the two Agranulocytes (Phagocytics)? and the characteristic of them?
phag - to eat
Monocytes (largest type of leuk.)
Lymphocytes -
Separated into T and B cell
Describe Monocytes
Produced in bone marrow then travel through the blood to tissue where it becomes a macrophage.
(Macrophages)- Found in TISSUE they kill pathogens directly by engulfing them and remove dead cells.
(Dendritic) - Found in tissue, have a branched look, capture antigens (toxins) and present it to lymphocytes .
Describe Lymphocytes
Large:
Natural Killer Cells (NK) -
- Attack and kill infected or cancerous body cells by secreting toxins onto their surfaces.
Small: Separated into T and B cells (different based by their surface proteins
B cells: mature into plasma cells which produce and secrete antibodies (that recognize something as foreign). Has memory cells
T cells: assit B cells, kills the foreign material
List the granulocytes
Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils
Mast cells
Describe Neutrophils (most important)
Engulfs microorganisms and release enzymes to kill pathogens
active in bacterial infections
Describe Eosinphils
Active in protozoal, helminth, and inflammatory reactions.
uses histamine to trigger allergic reactions
Describe Basophils
Trigger allergic reactions contain histamine
Describe mast cells
trigger allergic reactions, and inflammatory responses contain histamine which is something that causes blood vessels to dilate, this helps macrophages reach the area.
What are cytokines?
Active molecules secreted to regulate, stimulate, suppress and otherwise control many aspects of cell development, inflammation and immunity
ie : active molecules that help cells communicate with one another.
What is the purpose of the first line of defense?
a surface protein needs microbes from penetrating sterile body compartments
What are the 3 components of the first-line of defense? (any barrier that blacks invasion at the portal of entry)
Physical barriers or fluid flow, resident microbiomes, non-specific chemical defenses
What are the components of the physical barriers or build flow?
Skin, hair, mucous membranes, ciliary esculator
Mucus, tears, saliva, urination, defecation, vomiting
What are the components of the resident microbiomes?
Physical barrier of cells, Interaction/ competition with invading microbes
What are the components of the non-specific chemical defenses?
Stomach acid , lysozyme, ph differences
What are the components of the second line of defense (Innate immunity)
Phagocytosis
Inflammation
Fever
Antimicrobial Proteins
What are the activities of phagocytes?
To engulf microbes, particulate matter, and injured or dead cells. Also to read antigens.
How does Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) work?
When the signal molecules that are specific to a certain microbe like peptidoglycan on gram + and LPS on gram - serve as red flags to the phagocytes and they engulf then destroy them.
What are Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs)?
Found on phagocytes that recognize and bind PAMPs to bring them into the cell
Inflammatory Response : What is Chemotaxis?
Movement of a cell in response to chemical stimulus.
Cells move towards site of infection
Inflammatory Response:
What is Diapedesis?
The migration of WBCs out of blood vessels into tissues
Explain the Engulfment and phagosome formation step
After the cell used PAMPS and PPS to adhere to the prey. It brings it into a pocket call a phagosome.
Explain the phagolysome formation and killing step.
Lysosomes fuses with the phagosome to create a phagolysosome . Then granules that contain anti-microbial chemicals are released into it which dismantle and inject the material.
Describe the oxidative burst part of the destruction step in the second line of defensive.
Myeloperoxidase forms oxidizing agents and other products of oxygen metabolism such as hydrogen peroxide, the superoxide anion, and hydroxyl free radical separately or together form a formidable killing power.
What is ROS?
reactive oxygen species that are required for many important signaling reactions.
Describe the Elimination of debris stage.
The small bits of undigestible debris are related through exocytosis.
What are the four cardinal sign on inflammation?
Redness, swelling, heat, pain
What are the 4 steps of inflammation?
- Injury/Immediate Reactions
- Vascular Reactions
- Edema and Pus Formation
- Resolution/Scar Formation
What are pyrogens? (involve fever)
Substances that reset the hypothalamic thermostat to a higher setting.
The hypothalamus sends signals to your sweat glands when youre too hot.
Exogenous - caused by infectious agents like viruses and bacteria.
Endogenous - Caused by monocytes, neutrophils etc
What are the benefits of fever?
Benefits - Increased metabolism and stimulates immune reactions and naturally protective physiological processes
Inhibits actions of infecting organisms
What are the antimicrobial products?
Interferons, Complement system, Antimicrobial peptides-defensins
Describe the Interferon product.
Bind to cell surfaces and induce changes in genetic expression (can suppress tumors)
Also signals to other cells
Describe the complement system
The proteins come together to make MAC which sticks itself into pathogens membranes causing the cells to lyse
What is the function of antimicrobial peptides?
12 to 50 amino acids that insert themselves in bacterial membrane which disrupts its integrity and causes the cell to lyse
What do defenses do?
Insert itself into a cells membrane and it causes it to fold around it.
Which type of white blood cells are particularly attracted to sites of parasitic worm infections?
Eosinophils
Plasma cells ________
produce and secrete antibodies
What is the body trying to do during inflammation?
- Mobilize and attract immune components to the site of injury
- Set in motion tissue. repair
- Destroy and block microbes from further invasion
The membrane attack stage (MAC) of the complement cascade involves ________.
a ring shaped protein that DIGESTS holes into the bacterial cell membrane and virus envelopes
If the patient’s cilia are unable to clear his lungs of mucus, which line of host defense is breached?
First line of defense .
The patient asks the nurse to explain to him why he keeps getting sick from the same bacteria. Which of the following statements is the most appropriate response?
Your mucus traps and harbors the microorganisms and when they can’t be cleared, they begin to breach your second and third lines of defense.
What does cilia do?
brush like in the respiratory tract, help move things , can expel invading organisms
The nurse examines the child’s tonsils while preparing to swab them with the culture swab. A white pustule coating is noted to be covering the tonsils. What is this pus composed of?
White blood cells and debris from phagocytosis
What are pyogenic?
Bacteria such as streptococcus and staphylococcus that stimulate the formation of pus
he molecular fragment on an antigen molecule that a lymphocyte recognizes and responds to is called a(n) ________.
epitope
What is opsonization?
The process that involves antibodies coating microorganisms (giving them a marker) to facilitate phagocytosis.
Which process involves antibodies cross-linking cells or particles into large aggregates?
Agglutination
