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Microbiology > Chapter 12 > Flashcards

Chapter 12 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the primary lymphatic tissues and organs?

A

red bone marrow and thymus

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2
Q

What are the secondary lymphatic tissues and organs?

A

lymph nodes, spleen, MALT/GALT/tonsils

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3
Q

What is a Leukocyte? What two groups are they separated into?

A

A White blood cell which protects the body from foreign molecules.

They’re separated into two groups: granulocytes (have granules that can be released to kill foreign cells within the phagosome or affect host tissues) and agranulocytes (which doesn’t have granules and have nuclei.)

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4
Q

What are the two Agranulocytes (Phagocytics)? and the characteristic of them?

phag - to eat

A

Monocytes (largest type of leuk.)

Lymphocytes -
Separated into T and B cell

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5
Q

Describe Monocytes

A

Produced in bone marrow then travel through the blood to tissue where it becomes a macrophage.

(Macrophages)- Found in TISSUE they kill pathogens directly by engulfing them and remove dead cells.

(Dendritic) - Found in tissue, have a branched look, capture antigens (toxins) and present it to lymphocytes .

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6
Q

Describe Lymphocytes

A

Large:
Natural Killer Cells (NK) -
- Attack and kill infected or cancerous body cells by secreting toxins onto their surfaces.

Small: Separated into T and B cells (different based by their surface proteins

B cells: mature into plasma cells which produce and secrete antibodies (that recognize something as foreign). Has memory cells

T cells: assit B cells, kills the foreign material

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7
Q

List the granulocytes

A

Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils
Mast cells

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8
Q

Describe Neutrophils (most important)

A

Engulfs microorganisms and release enzymes to kill pathogens

active in bacterial infections

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9
Q

Describe Eosinphils

A

Active in protozoal, helminth, and inflammatory reactions.

uses histamine to trigger allergic reactions

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10
Q

Describe Basophils

A

Trigger allergic reactions contain histamine

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11
Q

Describe mast cells

A

trigger allergic reactions, and inflammatory responses contain histamine which is something that causes blood vessels to dilate, this helps macrophages reach the area.

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12
Q

What are cytokines?

A

Active molecules secreted to regulate, stimulate, suppress and otherwise control many aspects of cell development, inflammation and immunity

ie : active molecules that help cells communicate with one another.

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13
Q

What is the purpose of the first line of defense?

A

a surface protein needs microbes from penetrating sterile body compartments

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14
Q

What are the 3 components of the first-line of defense? (any barrier that blacks invasion at the portal of entry)

A

Physical barriers or fluid flow, resident microbiomes, non-specific chemical defenses

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15
Q

What are the components of the physical barriers or build flow?

A

Skin, hair, mucous membranes, ciliary esculator

Mucus, tears, saliva, urination, defecation, vomiting

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16
Q

What are the components of the resident microbiomes?

A

Physical barrier of cells, Interaction/ competition with invading microbes

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17
Q

What are the components of the non-specific chemical defenses?

A

Stomach acid , lysozyme, ph differences

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18
Q

What are the components of the second line of defense (Innate immunity)

A

Phagocytosis
Inflammation
Fever
Antimicrobial Proteins

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19
Q

What are the activities of phagocytes?

A

To engulf microbes, particulate matter, and injured or dead cells. Also to read antigens.

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20
Q

How does Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) work?

A

When the signal molecules that are specific to a certain microbe like peptidoglycan on gram + and LPS on gram - serve as red flags to the phagocytes and they engulf then destroy them.

21
Q

What are Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs)?

A

Found on phagocytes that recognize and bind PAMPs to bring them into the cell

22
Q

Inflammatory Response : What is Chemotaxis?

A

Movement of a cell in response to chemical stimulus.

Cells move towards site of infection

23
Q

Inflammatory Response:

What is Diapedesis?

A

The migration of WBCs out of blood vessels into tissues

24
Q

Explain the Engulfment and phagosome formation step

A

After the cell used PAMPS and PPS to adhere to the prey. It brings it into a pocket call a phagosome.

25
Q

Explain the phagolysome formation and killing step.

A

Lysosomes fuses with the phagosome to create a phagolysosome . Then granules that contain anti-microbial chemicals are released into it which dismantle and inject the material.

26
Q

Describe the oxidative burst part of the destruction step in the second line of defensive.

A

Myeloperoxidase forms oxidizing agents and other products of oxygen metabolism such as hydrogen peroxide, the superoxide anion, and hydroxyl free radical separately or together form a formidable killing power.

27
Q

What is ROS?

A

reactive oxygen species that are required for many important signaling reactions.

28
Q

Describe the Elimination of debris stage.

A

The small bits of undigestible debris are related through exocytosis.

29
Q

What are the four cardinal sign on inflammation?

A

Redness, swelling, heat, pain

30
Q

What are the 4 steps of inflammation?

A
  1. Injury/Immediate Reactions
  2. Vascular Reactions
  3. Edema and Pus Formation
  4. Resolution/Scar Formation
31
Q

What are pyrogens? (involve fever)

A

Substances that reset the hypothalamic thermostat to a higher setting.

The hypothalamus sends signals to your sweat glands when youre too hot.

Exogenous - caused by infectious agents like viruses and bacteria.

Endogenous - Caused by monocytes, neutrophils etc

32
Q

What are the benefits of fever?

A

Benefits - Increased metabolism and stimulates immune reactions and naturally protective physiological processes

Inhibits actions of infecting organisms

33
Q

What are the antimicrobial products?

A

Interferons, Complement system, Antimicrobial peptides-defensins

34
Q

Describe the Interferon product.

A

Bind to cell surfaces and induce changes in genetic expression (can suppress tumors)

Also signals to other cells

35
Q

Describe the complement system

A

The proteins come together to make MAC which sticks itself into pathogens membranes causing the cells to lyse

36
Q

What is the function of antimicrobial peptides?

A

12 to 50 amino acids that insert themselves in bacterial membrane which disrupts its integrity and causes the cell to lyse

37
Q

What do defenses do?

A

Insert itself into a cells membrane and it causes it to fold around it.

38
Q

Which type of white blood cells are particularly attracted to sites of parasitic worm infections?

A

Eosinophils

39
Q

Plasma cells ________

A

produce and secrete antibodies

40
Q

What is the body trying to do during inflammation?

A
  1. Mobilize and attract immune components to the site of injury
  2. Set in motion tissue. repair
  3. Destroy and block microbes from further invasion
41
Q

The membrane attack stage (MAC) of the complement cascade involves ________.

A

a ring shaped protein that DIGESTS holes into the bacterial cell membrane and virus envelopes

42
Q

If the patient’s cilia are unable to clear his lungs of mucus, which line of host defense is breached?

A

First line of defense .

43
Q

The patient asks the nurse to explain to him why he keeps getting sick from the same bacteria. Which of the following statements is the most appropriate response?

A

Your mucus traps and harbors the microorganisms and when they can’t be cleared, they begin to breach your second and third lines of defense.

44
Q

What does cilia do?

A

brush like in the respiratory tract, help move things , can expel invading organisms

45
Q

The nurse examines the child’s tonsils while preparing to swab them with the culture swab. A white pustule coating is noted to be covering the tonsils. What is this pus composed of?

A

White blood cells and debris from phagocytosis

46
Q

What are pyogenic?

A

Bacteria such as streptococcus and staphylococcus that stimulate the formation of pus

47
Q

he molecular fragment on an antigen molecule that a lymphocyte recognizes and responds to is called a(n) ________.

A

epitope

48
Q

What is opsonization?

A

The process that involves antibodies coating microorganisms (giving them a marker) to facilitate phagocytosis.

49
Q

Which process involves antibodies cross-linking cells or particles into large aggregates?

A

Agglutination

Microbiology (13 decks)

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