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Microbiology > Cell Structures and Functions (Mader Chapter 3) > Flashcards

Cell Structures and Functions (Mader Chapter 3) Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the basis of cell theory?

A

That all living things are made of cells

Cells are the units of all living things

Cells differentiate into different types with different functions.

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2
Q

Which tissues are cells organized into

A

Connective
Epithelial
Muscle
Nervous

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3
Q

Why are cells small?

A

Because of their surface-area-to-volume ratio

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4
Q

Talk about surface area, why is it important?

A

Smaller cells have a larger surface area compared to the volume.

An increase in surface area allows for more nutrients to pass into the cell and more wastes to exit the cell.

There is a limit to how large a cell can be while remaining efficient and metabolically active.

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5
Q

What are the structural characteristics of the plasma (cell) membrane?

A

Phospholipid bilayer , hydrophilic head face the cytoplasm and extracellular fluid

Contains cholesterol for support

Glycoproteins and glycolipids

(carb. chains attached to proteins and lipids)
- identify the cell as “self” or foreign and act as receptors

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6
Q

Whats the difference in cell membranes amongst cells?

A

They differ in composition of lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates.

Ex: the inner mitochondrial membrane is full of transport proteins

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7
Q

How do substances get across the cell membrane?

A 
Diffusion 
Osmosis (H20) 
Facilitated diffusion 
Active transport 
Endocytosis/ Exocytosis
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8
Q

Explain diffusion

A

The random movement of molecules from a net movement of
HIGH CONCENTRATION to LOW CONCENTRATION

  • PASSIVE movement

Types of molecules that diffuse:
Gases
Water molecules
Lipids (steroid hormones)

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9
Q

Explain Osmosis

A

The diffusion of water from a
HIGH CONCENTRATION to a LOW WATER CONCENTRATION

Hypotonic : solutions have fewer solutes

Hypertonic: Solutions have more solutes
Isotonic: Cells have the same concentration of impermeable solutes .

Osmotic pressure - drives osmosis

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10
Q

Explain Facilitated Transport.

A

Transport of molecules across the plasma membrane from
HIGH CONCENTRATION to LOW CONCENTRATION

Passive transport

use protein transporters

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11
Q

Explain Active transport

A

The movement of molecules from
LOWER CONCENTRATION to HIGHER CONCENTRATION (Against the gradient)

ATP is used as energy

Requires a specific protein carrier known as a “pump”

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12
Q

Explain the Sodium-Potassium pump (Na+ & K+)

A

Na+ is higher outside the cell and K+ is higher inside so the the pump functions to move NA+ out and K+ in. (helps maintain ion gradients)

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13
Q

What are the bulk transport modes to move large molecules across the membrane.

A

Endocytosis:

Phagocytosis
Pinocytosis
Receptor-mediated endocytosis

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14
Q

What is Endocytosis?

A

Transports molecules or cells into the cell via invagination of the plasma membrane to form a vesicle.

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15
Q

What is Phagocytosis?

A

Endocytosis of pathogens by white blood cells (engulf).

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16
Q

What is Pinocytosis?

A

Endocytosis of fluid with small particles

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17
Q

What is Exocytosis?

A

transports molecules outside the cell via the fusion of a vesicle with the plasma membrane.

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18
Q

What are some characteristics of the nucleus?

A 
It is a double membrane structure. 
Contains chromatin (a complex of DNA that condenses into discrete chromosomes during cell division, histones and other proteins)
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19
Q

What is the nucleolus?

A

A dense area within the nucleus which directs the synthesis and processing of ribosomal RNA (rRNA: controls gene expression.)

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20
Q

What is the function of the nucleus?

A

Store genetic information.

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21
Q

What is the difference between free and membrane bound ribosomes?

A

Free ribosomes are free in the cytoplasmic matrix and membrane bound are attached to ER.

22
Q

What are the components of the Endomembrane system?

A 
Nuclear envelope 
Endoplasmic Recticulum (RER vs SER) 
Golgi apparatus 
Lysosomes 
Vesicles
23
Q

What is the function of the Endoplasmic Reticulum?

A

The enzymes associated with the ER are involve in synthesis of proteins for

  • Incorporation into the plasma membrane
  • Organelles of the end-membrane system
  • Export from the cell

Also involved in lipid synthesis.

24
Q

What is the difference between the RER and SER?

A

Rough ER - characterized by the ribosomes on the cytosolic side of the membrane + Large Flattened sheets

Cells involve in synthesis of secretory proteins have mainly RER

Smooth ER- lacks ribosomes + tubular structures

Cells producing steroid hormones have an extensive network of SER

25
Q

What are the functions of the Golgi apparatus?

A

To transport and modify proteins

26
Q

What are the functions of Lysosomes?

A

Fuse with endosomes (vesicles) and Contain hydrolytic enzymes that break down macromolecules

27
Q

What are Peroxisomes and what do they do?

A

Are bound to single membranes but are not derived from the ER

Detoxify harmful compounds , oxidize long fatty acids, metabolize nitrogen containing compounds , catabolism of unusual substances such as short-chain alkanes.

28
Q

What are the compomenets of the Cytoskeleton?

A

Microfilaments
Microtubules
Intermediate filaments

29
Q

What are the fucntions of Microtubules

A

made of tubulin
maintain cell shape and Acts as tracks along which organelles move

Form the spindle apparatus which helps move chromosomes

assembled under the control of
centrosome

Largest component

30
Q

What are the functions of the Microfilaments?

A

Made of actin

Produce movement of cell edges as pseudopodia

Move contents of cell interior

31
Q

What are the functions of Intermediate filaments?

A

Produce structure not movements

Helps cells maintain shape

Form network of nuclear lamina

32
Q

What is the role of Cilia and Flagella?

A

Produce movement using ATP to power movement of dyne motor proteins along microtubules.

Flagella are long (sperm tails)
Cilia are shorter and arranged in rows (respiratory epithelium & Fallopian tube epithelium)

33
Q

What are the structures of cell junctions?

A

Tight junctions
Adhesion junctions
Gap junctions

34
Q

What are the functions of tight junctions?

A

Fuses membranes between cells to make a barrier and prevent leakage between cells

35
Q

What are the functions of adhesion (desmosomes?)

A

Provide strength at stress points

Adjacent cells connected to cytoskeleton with intermediate filaments

Ex: Cardiac muscle and skin

36
Q

What are the functions of gap junctions?

A

Channels connect cells
Allow direct flow of ions
Important in muscle

37
Q

What is the role of the Mitochondria?

A

To make ATP
More abundant in tissues that use more energy (muscles and nerves)

Also involved in synthesis, modification , and breakdown of several types of cellular molecules

38
Q

What are the components of the extracellular matrix?

A

Collage,
Elastin
Fibronectin
Integrin

39
Q

What is the function of collagen?

A

Provides strength and resists stretching

40
Q

What is the function of Elastin?

A

Provides resilience

41
Q

What is the function of Fibronectin?

A

Adhesive protein that connects ECM to integral.

42
Q

What is the function of Integrin?

A

Family of integral membrane proteins

  • Connect to cytoskeleton
  • Participate in cell signaling
43
Q

What is the purpose of the outer membrane and inner membrane folded with cristae in the mitochondria?

A

Outer membrane forms shape

Inner membrane increased surface area

44
Q

Whats unique about mitochondrial replication?

A

It has its own dna AND ribosomes

45
Q

What the overall take away from glycolysis ? (occurs in mitochondria)

A

1 glucose molecules breaks down into 2 pyruvate

Net gain:
2 ATP
2 NADH

46
Q

What happens when the Pyruvate moves into the mtochondria?

A

it’s broken down
1 NADH for each pyruvate

A molecule of CO2 is removed from each pyruvate

47
Q

What happens when the Pyruvate moves into the mtochondria?

A

it’s broken down
1 NADH for each pyruvate

A molecule of CO2 is removed from each pyruvate , remaining acetal group is attached to CoA to make acetyl CoA

48
Q

Whats the take away from the Krebs cycle?

A

Takes place in the mitochondrial matrix

Acetyl is removed from Acetyl CoA and attached to oxoloacetate to form citric acid

Relases 2 CO2, 1 ATP, 3 NADH and 1 FADH in the process.

49
Q

What is the take away from the Electron Transport Chain?

A

movement of electrons generate a H+ GRADIENT (proton motive force)

This provides energy for the next step - synthesizing ATP

Makes yo ti 30 to 34 ATP molecules/ glucose

50
Q

Why does fermentation happen?

A

Cells use fermentation when oxygen isn’t available.

Only glycolysis is used

IN MUSCLE CELLS:
Reduce pyruvate to lactate (lactic acid) This takes electrons from NADH creating NAD+

Yields 2 ATP

In Anaerobic conditons:
NADH can build up, causing problems

51
Q

The cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell is crisscrossed by several types of supportive protein fibers, which are collectively called the ___

A

extracellular matrix

Microbiology (13 decks)

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