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AP Human > Unit 3 > Flashcards

Unit 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Carl Sauer

A

a fierce critic of environmental determinism and worked to debunk it

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2
Q

cultural landscape

A

culture or way of life is visible on the landscape

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3
Q

physical features

A

includes the physical environment, preservation effects

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4
Q

human features

A

materials and non-material features or traits are the identifiable elements of culture

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5
Q

artifacts

A

tangible material items; objects, food, technology

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6
Q

mentifacts

A

ideas, values, and beliefs; are found in artifacts and shape sociofacts

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7
Q

socio-facts

A

social structures; learned through institutions

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8
Q

agricultural practices

A

the practices and food habits are key to identifying different cultures; some farm for their food and some get food from the grocery stores

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9
Q

industrial practices

A

led to a shift in social structure; the way they respond to the pollution also show their culture

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10
Q

religious and linguistic characteristics

A

are central to cultural identity and one is often associated with the other (Latin is shared language of leaders of the catholic church)

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11
Q

sequent occupancy

A

there are different tenants during different time periods, the prior occupants are visible on the landscape

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12
Q

traditional and postmodern architecture

A

represents the form and function of culture in each unique place/ seeks to bring back some of this uniqueness and reconnect people to place through its architecture

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13
Q

land-use patterns

A

single land use: the land is only used for only one function; mixed use: the land is being used for a variety of functions

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14
Q

trait

A

are those individually identifiable elements of culture

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15
Q

group

A

a culture complex; when two or more traits interact with each other

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16
Q

system

A

a collection of culture complexes

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17
Q

realm

A

the most “zoomed out” scale of culture is the culture realm

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18
Q

sense of place

A

being able to feel at home where you are, there is a good amount of culture that connects you to a place

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19
Q

language patterns

A

these patterns can contribute to sense of place

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20
Q

centripetal forces/centrifugal

A

forces that bond people together/ forces that divide people

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21
Q

religion patterns

A

have the same impact as language patterns

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22
Q

ethnicity

A

a sense of belonging to a certain group with a tie to a specific place is a key component

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23
Q

attitudes

A

a settled way of thinking or feeling about someone or something typically one that is reflected in a person’s behavior

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24
Q

role of women in the workforce

A

do women work outside of the home? What are a women’s responsibilities in society?

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25
Q

food preferences

A

wheat bread or rice? staple food of choice? beef or not?

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26
Q

entertainment

A

what do you do for fun? watch TV or not?

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27
Q

taboos

A

what is forbidden or frowned upon in different cultures

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28
Q

ethnocentrism

A

evolution of other cultures according to preconceptions originating in the standards and customs of one’s own culture

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29
Q

gendered spaces

A

spaces that are separated by gender, the bathroom

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30
Q

ethnic neighborhoods

A

communities within a larger urban area, while ethnic islands are ethnic communities in more rural areas

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31
Q

indigenous communities

A

indigenous peoples are the natives of a location

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32
Q

impact of globalization

A

a loss of culture due to the widespread trends that form; more opportunities to share and exchange ideas, trade, and improve the lives of people

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33
Q

cultural hearths

A

an area where cultural traits developed and from which cultural traits diffuse

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34
Q

language

A

difficult to trace to a specific place of origin

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35
Q

religion

A

similar to cultural hearths

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36
Q

innovation

A

new methods, ideas, or products-develop in a hearth

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37
Q

relocation

A

result of migration, number of people exhibiting cultural traits remains unchanged

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38
Q

expansion

A

the number of people exhibiting cultural traits increases through cultural convergence

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39
Q

contagious

A

occurs due to direct contact/ sharing from person to person

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40
Q

hierarchal

A

diffusion that starts at a high point and then goes down in rank

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41
Q

colonialism

A

results in the spread of European culture was first the result of relocation diffusion(The Americas) the action of appropriating a place or domain for one’s own use

42
Q

imperialism

A

extending a nation’s rule over foreign nations, often by military force or by gaining political and economic control over other areas(South Asia and Africa)

43
Q

Indian Ocean routes

A

East Indian Company was formed to trade in the Indian ocean region

44
Q

Atlantic Ocean routes

A

triangular trade;the Americas provided raw materials, Europe made manufactured goods, and Africa exchanged slaves

45
Q

mercantilism

A

the mother country relies on the colonies for their resources

46
Q

development of core and periphery countries

A

as the periphery countries relied on the core countries for their business, the gap between the two continued to increase as core countries developed

47
Q

creolization

A

the blending of distinctive cultures, particularly those based around plantation agriculture and slavery

48
Q

lingua franca

A

common second language used by speakers of different native speakers(French, English, Swahili, Esperanto)

49
Q

religious patterns

A

Islamic is Saharan Africa and the middle east, South Asia is Hindu, Southeast Asia is Buddhist, Christianity is everywhere else

50
Q

Islamic world

A

Islam in North Africa spread as rulers converted to other religion and therefore so did the citizens(hierarchical)

51
Q

Christian world

A

the Christian religion spread through relocation(settlers), hierarchical(to the natives and slaves), ad contagious(via missionaries)

52
Q

urbanization

A

when there is rapid migration t the urban centers causing a fluctuating population in urban centers

53
Q

communications technology

A

as technology increased people were able to communicate from larger distances which helped in war, every day, and business

54
Q

globalization

A

the economy has become more global being able to do business across countries, the culture has become more the same because of global trends

55
Q

time-space convergence

A

removes barrier of distance, acceleration of diffusion, and reshapes interactions between places

56
Q

effects of contemporary diffusion

A

rapidly changing the underlying global patterns of culture that exist today

57
Q

cultural convergence/ divergence

A

the interactions of multiple cultures/ results from isolation from other cultures

58
Q

pidgin languages

A

a language that come about due to the blending of multiple languages( Chinese pidgin English, Korean Bamboo English, Solomon Islands Pijin, and Spanglish)

59
Q

regional isoglosses

A

a boundary for a regional dialect, the isogloss line on the map sets the boundary between regions where certain words are used

60
Q

pervasive popular culture

A

fast culture, whatever is on trend at that moment is the culture, but it changes quickly

61
Q

changing cultural practices

A

urban areas are the main regions of these changes due to the influence of media and urban culture that has been set

62
Q

media influence

A

social media has become a driving force between many anti-government protests, uprisings, and armed rebellions

63
Q

urban culture

A

roles of the entertainment media can diffuse culture hierarchically, it gos from the top down

64
Q

increasing use of English

A

business caused people to need a language to speak between multiple nations, movies, and streaming became heavily English-speaking

65
Q

loss of indigenous language/ culture

A

as globalization increased there was less use of the smaller languages and cultures, so they slowly faded away

66
Q

language family

A

which language branches are related

67
Q

language branch

A

a group of closely related languages

68
Q

language

A

the words, their pronunciations, and the methods of combining them used and understood by a community/society

69
Q

dialect

A

a particular form of a language which is peculiar to a specific region or social group

70
Q

language hearths

A

it’s hard to say the specific ones because language is so hard to find origins because they form from cultural convergence and divergence

71
Q

conquest theory

A

theory of spread of Indo European languages, spread via soldiers on horseback, spread from hearth west Ward into Europe

72
Q

Renfrew hypothesis

A

language spread with sedentary farmers, from Anatolia to Europe and South/Westward into Asia; to the fertile crescent

73
Q

sound shifts

A

result of cultural divergence, a systematic change in the pronunciation of a set of speech sounds as a language

74
Q

cognates

A

have the same linguistic derivation as another, words in different languages are derived from the same original word or root

75
Q

toponyms

A

place names, used to trace occupancy of different regions

76
Q

signage

A

an artifact of the places culture

77
Q

standard language

A

one that has been codified for standard grammar, spelling, and usage

78
Q

official language

A

language given a special legal status in a particular country, state, or other jurisdiction

79
Q

vernacular

A

dialects that are specific to a certain geographic area, regional slang

80
Q

extinct language

A

historic languages that no longer have native speakers

81
Q

revived languages

A

a language that used to be extinct but was relearned and is now spoken (Hebrew, Arabic, and Latin)

82
Q

linguistic conflicts

A

Conflicts because of language (Canada and Quebec, Belgium: Flemish speakers and French speakers)

83
Q

Eastern religions/philosiphies

A

all originated in India (Hinduism and Sikhism in the Indus Valley, and Buddhism in Northern India(modern day Nepal))

84
Q

Western religion

A

all originated in the Land of Canaan- the Fertile Crescent civilization of Southwest Asia(Judaism, Christianity, and Islam)

85
Q

universalizing religion

A

expansion diffusion, appeal to all people regardless of geographic location (Christianity, Islam, Buddhism, Sikhism)

86
Q

Christianity

A

Colonialism, missionaries; The Great Schism= split between Roman Catholic Church and Eastern Orthodox Church; Jerusalem and Bethlehem

87
Q

Islam

A

Indian Ocean Trade=contagious diffusion, adoption by rulers= hierarchal diffusion; Schism whether a leader should be elected (Sunni) or the leader is a direct descendant (Shia); Mecca, Jerusalem, and Medina

88
Q

Buddism

A

no recognized diety, four noble truths; hearth in northern India, spread in mainly China, Korea, Nepal, Tibet, and Japan

89
Q

Sikhism

A

Punjab religion broke off from Hinduism; 2nd biggest population is in the U.S

90
Q

ethnic religion

A

people are born into the religion, it is tied closely with their ethnicity, and geographic location is central to that religion

91
Q

Judaism

A

not one of the world’s major religions, 2nd largest religious group in the U.S, diffusion due to forced migration, majority live in Isreal

92
Q

Hinduism

A

spread from the Indus River Valley, spread through relocation diffusion, 4th largest religion in the U.S

93
Q

acculturalization

A

when a smaller culture adopts and takes some of the bigger cultures’ practices, some of the original culture still remains

94
Q

assimilation

A

complete adoption of the more dominant culture

95
Q

syncretism

A

a mixture of multiple religions may be the religion itself or the celebrations and rituals (Carnival in Brazil, Dia de los Muertos)

96
Q

multiculturalism

A

multiple culture groups occupy the same culture area

97
Q

transcultural

A

transmission across cultures; merging and converging of two cultures

98
Q

placelessness

A

when there isn’t a center culture in a place so there is no sense of place

99
Q

commodification

A

selling a place’s culture and cultural artifacts to make a large enough profit to support the area’s economy

100
Q

protective legislature/ barriers to diffusion

A

keeps certain cultures away or makes sure that people don’t leave your country

101
Q

centripetal forces

A

a person’s nationality and pride in their country can cause them to want to stay in their country, sports teams

102
Q

centrifugal

A

people want to leave when there is linguistic and religious conflict because the conflict is not something that people want, it could cause war

AP Human (12 decks)

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