Unit 3 Flashcards
(102 cards)
1
Q
Carl Sauer
A
a fierce critic of environmental determinism and worked to debunk it
2
Q
cultural landscape
A
culture or way of life is visible on the landscape
3
Q
physical features
A
includes the physical environment, preservation effects
4
Q
human features
A
materials and non-material features or traits are the identifiable elements of culture
5
Q
artifacts
A
tangible material items; objects, food, technology
6
Q
mentifacts
A
ideas, values, and beliefs; are found in artifacts and shape sociofacts
7
Q
socio-facts
A
social structures; learned through institutions
8
Q
agricultural practices
A
the practices and food habits are key to identifying different cultures; some farm for their food and some get food from the grocery stores
9
Q
industrial practices
A
led to a shift in social structure; the way they respond to the pollution also show their culture
10
Q
religious and linguistic characteristics
A
are central to cultural identity and one is often associated with the other (Latin is shared language of leaders of the catholic church)
11
Q
sequent occupancy
A
there are different tenants during different time periods, the prior occupants are visible on the landscape
12
Q
traditional and postmodern architecture
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represents the form and function of culture in each unique place/ seeks to bring back some of this uniqueness and reconnect people to place through its architecture
13
Q
land-use patterns
A
single land use: the land is only used for only one function; mixed use: the land is being used for a variety of functions
14
Q
trait
A
are those individually identifiable elements of culture
15
Q
group
A
a culture complex; when two or more traits interact with each other
16
Q
system
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a collection of culture complexes
17
Q
realm
A
the most “zoomed out” scale of culture is the culture realm
18
Q
sense of place
A
being able to feel at home where you are, there is a good amount of culture that connects you to a place
19
Q
language patterns
A
these patterns can contribute to sense of place
20
Q
centripetal forces/centrifugal
A
forces that bond people together/ forces that divide people
21
Q
religion patterns
A
have the same impact as language patterns
22
Q
ethnicity
A
a sense of belonging to a certain group with a tie to a specific place is a key component
23
Q
attitudes
A
a settled way of thinking or feeling about someone or something typically one that is reflected in a person’s behavior
24
Q
role of women in the workforce
A
do women work outside of the home? What are a women’s responsibilities in society?
25
food preferences
wheat bread or rice? staple food of choice? beef or not?
26
entertainment
what do you do for fun? watch TV or not?
27
taboos
what is forbidden or frowned upon in different cultures
28
ethnocentrism
evolution of other cultures according to preconceptions originating in the standards and customs of one's own culture
29
gendered spaces
spaces that are separated by gender, the bathroom
30
ethnic neighborhoods
communities within a larger urban area, while ethnic islands are ethnic communities in more rural areas
31
indigenous communities
indigenous peoples are the natives of a location
32
impact of globalization
a loss of culture due to the widespread trends that form; more opportunities to share and exchange ideas, trade, and improve the lives of people
33
cultural hearths
an area where cultural traits developed and from which cultural traits diffuse
34
language
difficult to trace to a specific place of origin
35
religion
similar to cultural hearths
36
innovation
new methods, ideas, or products-develop in a hearth
37
relocation
result of migration, number of people exhibiting cultural traits remains unchanged
38
expansion
the number of people exhibiting cultural traits increases through cultural convergence
39
contagious
occurs due to direct contact/ sharing from person to person
40
hierarchal
diffusion that starts at a high point and then goes down in rank
41
colonialism
results in the spread of European culture was first the result of relocation diffusion(The Americas) the action of appropriating a place or domain for one's own use
42
imperialism
extending a nation's rule over foreign nations, often by military force or by gaining political and economic control over other areas(South Asia and Africa)
43
Indian Ocean routes
East Indian Company was formed to trade in the Indian ocean region
44
Atlantic Ocean routes
triangular trade;the Americas provided raw materials, Europe made manufactured goods, and Africa exchanged slaves
45
mercantilism
the mother country relies on the colonies for their resources
46
development of core and periphery countries
as the periphery countries relied on the core countries for their business, the gap between the two continued to increase as core countries developed
47
creolization
the blending of distinctive cultures, particularly those based around plantation agriculture and slavery
48
lingua franca
common second language used by speakers of different native speakers(French, English, Swahili, Esperanto)
49
religious patterns
Islamic is Saharan Africa and the middle east, South Asia is Hindu, Southeast Asia is Buddhist, Christianity is everywhere else
50
Islamic world
Islam in North Africa spread as rulers converted to other religion and therefore so did the citizens(hierarchical)
51
Christian world
the Christian religion spread through relocation(settlers), hierarchical(to the natives and slaves), ad contagious(via missionaries)
52
urbanization
when there is rapid migration t the urban centers causing a fluctuating population in urban centers
53
communications technology
as technology increased people were able to communicate from larger distances which helped in war, every day, and business
54
globalization
the economy has become more global being able to do business across countries, the culture has become more the same because of global trends
55
time-space convergence
removes barrier of distance, acceleration of diffusion, and reshapes interactions between places
56
effects of contemporary diffusion
rapidly changing the underlying global patterns of culture that exist today
57
cultural convergence/ divergence
the interactions of multiple cultures/ results from isolation from other cultures
58
pidgin languages
a language that come about due to the blending of multiple languages( Chinese pidgin English, Korean Bamboo English, Solomon Islands Pijin, and Spanglish)
59
regional isoglosses
a boundary for a regional dialect, the isogloss line on the map sets the boundary between regions where certain words are used
60
pervasive popular culture
fast culture, whatever is on trend at that moment is the culture, but it changes quickly
61
changing cultural practices
urban areas are the main regions of these changes due to the influence of media and urban culture that has been set
62
media influence
social media has become a driving force between many anti-government protests, uprisings, and armed rebellions
63
urban culture
roles of the entertainment media can diffuse culture hierarchically, it gos from the top down
64
increasing use of English
business caused people to need a language to speak between multiple nations, movies, and streaming became heavily English-speaking
65
loss of indigenous language/ culture
as globalization increased there was less use of the smaller languages and cultures, so they slowly faded away
66
language family
which language branches are related
67
language branch
a group of closely related languages
68
language
the words, their pronunciations, and the methods of combining them used and understood by a community/society
69
dialect
a particular form of a language which is peculiar to a specific region or social group
70
language hearths
it's hard to say the specific ones because language is so hard to find origins because they form from cultural convergence and divergence
71
conquest theory
theory of spread of Indo European languages, spread via soldiers on horseback, spread from hearth west Ward into Europe
72
Renfrew hypothesis
language spread with sedentary farmers, from Anatolia to Europe and South/Westward into Asia; to the fertile crescent
73
sound shifts
result of cultural divergence, a systematic change in the pronunciation of a set of speech sounds as a language
74
cognates
have the same linguistic derivation as another, words in different languages are derived from the same original word or root
75
toponyms
place names, used to trace occupancy of different regions
76
signage
an artifact of the places culture
77
standard language
one that has been codified for standard grammar, spelling, and usage
78
official language
language given a special legal status in a particular country, state, or other jurisdiction
79
vernacular
dialects that are specific to a certain geographic area, regional slang
80
extinct language
historic languages that no longer have native speakers
81
revived languages
a language that used to be extinct but was relearned and is now spoken (Hebrew, Arabic, and Latin)
82
linguistic conflicts
Conflicts because of language (Canada and Quebec, Belgium: Flemish speakers and French speakers)
83
Eastern religions/philosiphies
all originated in India (Hinduism and Sikhism in the Indus Valley, and Buddhism in Northern India(modern day Nepal))
84
Western religion
all originated in the Land of Canaan- the Fertile Crescent civilization of Southwest Asia(Judaism, Christianity, and Islam)
85
universalizing religion
expansion diffusion, appeal to all people regardless of geographic location (Christianity, Islam, Buddhism, Sikhism)
86
Christianity
Colonialism, missionaries; The Great Schism= split between Roman Catholic Church and Eastern Orthodox Church; Jerusalem and Bethlehem
87
Islam
Indian Ocean Trade=contagious diffusion, adoption by rulers= hierarchal diffusion; Schism whether a leader should be elected (Sunni) or the leader is a direct descendant (Shia); Mecca, Jerusalem, and Medina
88
Buddism
no recognized diety, four noble truths; hearth in northern India, spread in mainly China, Korea, Nepal, Tibet, and Japan
89
Sikhism
Punjab religion broke off from Hinduism; 2nd biggest population is in the U.S
90
ethnic religion
people are born into the religion, it is tied closely with their ethnicity, and geographic location is central to that religion
91
Judaism
not one of the world's major religions, 2nd largest religious group in the U.S, diffusion due to forced migration, majority live in Isreal
92
Hinduism
spread from the Indus River Valley, spread through relocation diffusion, 4th largest religion in the U.S
93
acculturalization
when a smaller culture adopts and takes some of the bigger cultures' practices, some of the original culture still remains
94
assimilation
complete adoption of the more dominant culture
95
syncretism
a mixture of multiple religions may be the religion itself or the celebrations and rituals (Carnival in Brazil, Dia de los Muertos)
96
multiculturalism
multiple culture groups occupy the same culture area
97
transcultural
transmission across cultures; merging and converging of two cultures
98
placelessness
when there isn't a center culture in a place so there is no sense of place
99
commodification
selling a place's culture and cultural artifacts to make a large enough profit to support the area's economy
100
protective legislature/ barriers to diffusion
keeps certain cultures away or makes sure that people don't leave your country
101
centripetal forces
a person's nationality and pride in their country can cause them to want to stay in their country, sports teams
102
centrifugal
people want to leave when there is linguistic and religious conflict because the conflict is not something that people want, it could cause war
