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AP Psychology Elite Study Guide > Unit 3 > Flashcards

Unit 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

Bottom up processing

A

Starts at sensory receptors and works up to high level processing

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2
Q

Top down processing

A

Draws perceptions from sensation based on experience emotion expectation and motivation

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3
Q

Sensation

A

Taking sensory information from environment through your senses

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4
Q

Perception

A

Interpreting sensory information

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5
Q

Selective attention

A

Attention focuses on one thing and shifts to notice others
SPOTLIGHT

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6
Q

Cocktail Party Effect

A

Ability to focus on a single talker in a room full of conversation

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7
Q

Selective inattention

A

The brain ignores stimulus to focus on one thing

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8
Q

Inattentional blindness

A

Failure to notice an unexpected item

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9
Q

Change Blindness

A

Type of inattentional blindness
Obvious changes are not noticed

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10
Q

Absolute threshold

A

Minimum stimulation required to detect stimulus 50% of the time

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11
Q

Signal detection theory

A

There is no one absolute threshold-it depends on experience, expectation, motivation, alertness

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12
Q

Subliminal

A

Anything below absolute threshold

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13
Q

Priming

A

Being exposed to subliminal messages to steer you towards a specific perception

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14
Q

Difference threshold (JND)

A

Minimum amount of difference to tell 50% off the time

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15
Q

Webers law

A

2 stimuli must differ by same percentage not amount

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16
Q

Sensory adaption

A

Exposed to constant stimuli, receptor sensitivity decreases
PHYSICAL

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17
Q

Sensory Habituation

A

Exposed to constant stimuli, response declines/cognitive
Conscious control
MENTAL

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18
Q

Transduction Really Tired Deer

A

RECIEVES Sensory stimulation
TRANSFORMS to neural impulse
DELIVER neural information
Sensation—->perception

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19
Q

Signal detection theory

A

Hit, Miss, Correct Rejection, false alarm

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20
Q

Schemas

A

Perceptual set
A set of ideas

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21
Q

Parapsychology

A

Investigates psychic phenomena

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22
Q

Feature detectors

A

Specialized neurons
Only respond to certain sensory info

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23
Q

Parellel processing

A

Putting color motion form and depth together using FD

24
Q

Frequency determines _______ while amplitude determines _________

A

Color/Intensity

25
Q

Cornea

A

Clear lens
Focused light onto eye

26
Q

Iris

A

Colored part
Controlls light entering eye

27
Q

Pupil

A

Black hole
CONTROLLS amount of light

28
Q

Lens

A

Bends light to focus on retina
Allows to see close and far objects

29
Q

Retina

A

Contains photoreceptors (rods/cones)
Converts light to electric signals

30
Q

Rods

A

Low light black and white
On edges

31
Q

Comes

A

Well lit, sees color
Center of retina

32
Q

Light travels…

A

Ganglion->Bipolar->Rods/cones->Bipolar>Ganglion

33
Q

Fovea

A

Retinas central point of focus

34
Q

Young Helmholtz trichromatic theory

A

Cones see color, and respond to RGB, and mix to make other colors

35
Q

Opponent processing theory

A

Pairs of opposing colors RG, BY, and BW that are turned on and off using cones

36
Q

Gesalt grouping PsC3

A

Figure/ Ground
Proximity
Similarity
Continuity
Connectedness
Closure

37
Q

Retinal Disparity

A

Eyes focus in different positions getting two different images,. Then merging it into one image

38
Q

Motion parallax

A

Closer objects appear faster farther objects paper slower
(Like cars on the highway)8

39
Q

Relative size

A

Closet objects look bigger

40
Q

Striboscopic

A

Flip book

41
Q

Phi phenomenon

A

Flashing lights in sequence…

42
Q

Perceptual constancy

A

Ability to recognize objects regardless of environment

43
Q

Color and brightness constancy

A

Color is not an object it is light reflecting off an object
Perception depends on lighting

44
Q

Shape and size constancy

A

Brain believes it knows size/shape of objects
Uses distance cue
Unconsciously corrects to fit preconceptions

45
Q

Outer ear

A

Auditory canal
Eardrum

46
Q

Middle ear

A

Ossicles
Hammer anvil stirrup

47
Q

Inner ear

A

Cochlea (filled with fluid) lined with
Basillar containing
Cilia wiggle triggering
Auditory nerve to Thalmus to Temporal lobe

48
Q

Conduction v Sensorineural hearing loss

A

Damage to ear bones/ Damage to cillia, Cochlear possible

49
Q

Place v Frequency theory

A

Specific parts of basilar respond to specific pitches
Frequency of neurons correlates with pitch

50
Q

Touch (4 Sensations)

A

Pressure pain hot cold
Norceceptors detect pain
Mechanoreceptors detect pressure
Thermoreceptors detect temp

51
Q

Gate theory

A

Small fibers open gate you feel pain
Large fibers close gate pain reduces

52
Q

Taste (Gustation)

A

Chemical
5 tastes (Salty, Sweet, bitter, sour, Umami)

53
Q

Smell (Olfaction)

A

Chemical
Receptors in upper nasal cavity
Stimulated by gas dissolving in nasal fluid which is
Transmitted to the olfactory bulb

54
Q

Kinesthesis

A

Sense of movement and location
Receptors in joints and ligaments

55
Q

Vestibular sense

A

Balance/equilibrium
Receptor is semicircular canal

56
Q

Mcgurk

A

If it looks like someone’s saying one thing that is what you will hear even if they are saying something else

57
Q

Embodied cognition

A

Our bodily sensations influence cognitive prcocessing

AP Psychology Elite Study Guide (12 decks)

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