unit 3

Question 1

photosynthesis chemical equation

Answer 1

6CO2 + 6H2O + light energy —> C6H12O6 + 6O2

Question 2

location of photosynthesis

Answer 2

thylakoid

Question 3

photosynthesis converts what energy to what energy?

Answer 3

solar to chemical (NADPH and ATP)

cell accomplished this by using light energy (photons) to excite electrons

Question 4

light reactions inputs and outputs

Answer 4

inputs: H2O, ADP, NADP+
outputs: O2, ATP, NADPH

Question 5

calvin cycle

Answer 5

cyclic electron flow
uses ATP and NADH to reduce CO2 to sugar (G3P)

for synthesis of 1 G3P molecule, the cycle must take place 3 times

Question 6

three phases of calvin cycle

Answer 6

carbon fixation
reduction
regeneration of RuBP

Question 7

carbon fixation phase

Answer 7

CO2 is incorporated in cycle one at a time and attached to and RuBP (catalyzed by rubisco) to form 3-phosphoglycerate

Question 8

reduction phase

Answer 8

each 3-phosphoglycerate is phosphorylation by ATP (uses 6 total) and becomes 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate

6 NADPH donate electrons to 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate; reduces to G3P and 6 molecules of it are formed but only one is net gain

Question 9

regeneration of RuBP phase

Answer 9

5 G3P molecules are used to regenerate 3 molecules of RuBP; used 3 ATP

cycle is ready to take in CO2 again

Question 10

calvin cycle inputs and outputs

Answer 10

inputs: 3CO2, 9 ATP, 6 NADPH
outputs: 1G3P, 9 ADP, 6 NADP+

Question 11

calvin cycle summary

Answer 11

used NADPH, ATP, and CO2

produced a 3-C G3P

Question 12

cellular respiration and it’s chemical equation

Answer 12

cells harvest chemical energy stored in organic molecules and use it to generate ATP

C6H12O6 + 6O2 —> 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy (ATP and heat)

Question 13

path of electron in energy harvest

Answer 13

glucose —> NADH —> ETC —> oxygen

Question 14

electron transport chain (ETC)

Answer 14

sequence of membrane proteins that shuttle electrons down a series of redox reactions

released energy to make ATP

ETC transfers electrons to O2 to make H2O

Question 15

stages of cellular respiration

Answer 15

glycolysis
pyruvate oxidation and citric acid cycle
oxidative phosphorylation (ETC and chemiosmosis)

Question 16

glycolysis phase

Answer 16

occurs in cytosol

splits glucose 6C into 2 pyruvates 3C

Question 17

pyruvate oxidation and citric acid cycle phase

Answer 17

if oxygen present, pyruvate enters mitochondria (eukaryotic cells)

pyruvate oxidized into acetyl coA
CO2 and 2 NADH produced

Question 18

critic acid cycle, krebs cycle

Answer 18

occurs in mitochondrial matrix

acetyl coA into citrate

Question 19

citric acid cycle inputs and outputs

Answer 19

inputs: 2 acetyl coA
outputs: 2 ATP, 6 NADH, 4 CO2, 2 FADH2

Question 20

oxidative phosphorylation

Answer 20

ETC (inner membrane of mitochondria)

chemiosmosis

Question 21

ETC major function

Answer 21

create a proton (H+) gradient across the membrane

Question 22

glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, citric acid cycle, oxidative phosphorylation inputs and outputs

Answer 22

glycolysis

inputs: 1 glucose
outputs: 2 pyruvate, 2 ATP, 2 NADH

pyruvate oxidation

inputs: 2 pyruvate
outputs: 2 acetyl coA, 2 CO2, 2 NADH

citric acid cycle

inputs: 2 acetyl coA
outputs: 4CO2, 2 ATP, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2

oxidative phosphorylation

inputs: 10 NADH, 2 FADH2
outputs: 26-28 ATP

total ATP: 30-32

Question 23

how do organisms produce ATP in absence of oxygen?

Answer 23

anaerobic respiration: generates ATP using an ETC in absence of oxygen; final electron acceptors are sulfates or nitrates
fermentation: extension of glycolysis; recycled NAD+, occurs in cytosol; alcohol and lactic acid