unit 3 Flashcards
photosynthesis chemical equation
6CO2 + 6H2O + light energy —> C6H12O6 + 6O2
location of photosynthesis
thylakoid
photosynthesis converts what energy to what energy?
solar to chemical (NADPH and ATP)
cell accomplished this by using light energy (photons) to excite electrons
light reactions inputs and outputs
inputs: H2O, ADP, NADP+
outputs: O2, ATP, NADPH
calvin cycle
cyclic electron flow
uses ATP and NADH to reduce CO2 to sugar (G3P)
for synthesis of 1 G3P molecule, the cycle must take place 3 times
three phases of calvin cycle
carbon fixation
reduction
regeneration of RuBP
carbon fixation phase
CO2 is incorporated in cycle one at a time and attached to and RuBP (catalyzed by rubisco) to form 3-phosphoglycerate
reduction phase
each 3-phosphoglycerate is phosphorylation by ATP (uses 6 total) and becomes 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate
6 NADPH donate electrons to 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate; reduces to G3P and 6 molecules of it are formed but only one is net gain
regeneration of RuBP phase
5 G3P molecules are used to regenerate 3 molecules of RuBP; used 3 ATP
cycle is ready to take in CO2 again
calvin cycle inputs and outputs
inputs: 3CO2, 9 ATP, 6 NADPH
outputs: 1G3P, 9 ADP, 6 NADP+
calvin cycle summary
used NADPH, ATP, and CO2
produced a 3-C G3P
cellular respiration and it’s chemical equation
cells harvest chemical energy stored in organic molecules and use it to generate ATP
C6H12O6 + 6O2 —> 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy (ATP and heat)
path of electron in energy harvest
glucose —> NADH —> ETC —> oxygen
electron transport chain (ETC)
sequence of membrane proteins that shuttle electrons down a series of redox reactions
released energy to make ATP
ETC transfers electrons to O2 to make H2O
stages of cellular respiration
glycolysis
pyruvate oxidation and citric acid cycle
oxidative phosphorylation (ETC and chemiosmosis)
glycolysis phase
occurs in cytosol
splits glucose 6C into 2 pyruvates 3C
pyruvate oxidation and citric acid cycle phase
if oxygen present, pyruvate enters mitochondria (eukaryotic cells)
pyruvate oxidized into acetyl coA
CO2 and 2 NADH produced
critic acid cycle, krebs cycle
occurs in mitochondrial matrix
acetyl coA into citrate
citric acid cycle inputs and outputs
inputs: 2 acetyl coA
outputs: 2 ATP, 6 NADH, 4 CO2, 2 FADH2
oxidative phosphorylation
ETC (inner membrane of mitochondria)
chemiosmosis
ETC major function
create a proton (H+) gradient across the membrane
glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, citric acid cycle, oxidative phosphorylation inputs and outputs
glycolysis
inputs: 1 glucose
outputs: 2 pyruvate, 2 ATP, 2 NADH
pyruvate oxidation
inputs: 2 pyruvate
outputs: 2 acetyl coA, 2 CO2, 2 NADH
citric acid cycle
inputs: 2 acetyl coA
outputs: 4CO2, 2 ATP, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2
oxidative phosphorylation
inputs: 10 NADH, 2 FADH2
outputs: 26-28 ATP
total ATP: 30-32
how do organisms produce ATP in absence of oxygen?
anaerobic respiration: generates ATP using an ETC in absence of oxygen; final electron acceptors are sulfates or nitrates
fermentation: extension of glycolysis; recycled NAD+, occurs in cytosol; alcohol and lactic acid
