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ap biology > cell structure and function > Flashcards

cell structure and function Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

cells

A

the basic structural and functional units of every organism

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2
Q

all cells…

A

are bound by a plasma membrane

contain cytosol

contain chromosomes

contain ribosomes

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3
Q

two types of cells

A

prokaryotes and eukaryotes

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4
Q

prokaryotes

A

domains bacteria and archaea

DNA is in the nucleoid region

generally smaller in size than eukaryotes

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5
Q

eukaryotes

A

protists, fungi, animals, and plants

DNA is in the nucleus

contain membrane bound organelles

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6
Q

organelles

A

membrane bound structures in eukaryotes

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7
Q

two classifications of organelles

A

endomembrane organelles and energy organelles

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8
Q

endomembrane organelles

A

nuclear envelope

endoplasmic reticulum

golgi complex

lysosomes

vesicles/vacuoles

plasma membrane

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9
Q

energy organelles

A

mitochondria

chloroplasts

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10
Q

compartmentalization

A

in organelles allows for different metabolic reactions to occur in different locations

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11
Q

compartmentalization functions

A

increases surface area for reactions to occur

prevents interfering reactions from occurring in the same location

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12
Q

unique cell components

plants

A

chloroplasts

central vacuole

cell wall

plasmodesmata

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13
Q

unique cell components

animals

A

lysosomes

centrosomes

flagella

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14
Q

nucleus

A

contains chromosomes

enclosed by the nuclear envelope (double membrane)

has pores

contains a nucleolus

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15
Q

chromosomes

A

genetic information

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16
Q

pores (in the nucleus)

A

regulate entry and exit of materials from the cell

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17
Q

nucleolus

A

dense region of the nucleus where ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is synthesized

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18
Q

what do rRNA and proteins combine to form?

A

large and small subunits of ribosomes

subunits exit via nuclear pores; assemble into ribosomes

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19
Q

ribosomes function

A

synthesize proteins

translate messages found on mRNA into the primary structure of polypeptides

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20
Q

ribosomes comprisition

A

ribosomal RNA and protein

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21
Q

two locations where ribosomes can be found

A

cytosol

bound to the endoplasmic reticulum or nuclear envelope

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22
Q

cytosol

A

proteins produced here generally function only within the cytosol (ie enzymes)

known as free ribosomes

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23
Q

bound to the endoplasmic reticulum or nuclear envelope

A

proteins produced here can be secreted from the cell

leave via transport vesicles

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24
Q

endoplasmic reticulum

A

a network of membranous sacs and tubes

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25
Q

endoplasmic reticulum functions

A

synthesized membranes

compartmentalizations the cell to keep proteins formed in the ER separate from those of free ribosomes

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26
Q

two types of endoplasmic reticulum

A

rough and smooth

27
Q

rough ER

A

contains ribosomes bound to the ER membrane

28
Q

smooth ER

A

contains no ribosomes

synthesized lipids, metabolizes carbohydrates, and detoxifies the cell

29
Q

golgi complex

A

contains flattened membranous sacs called cisternae

30
Q

cisternae

A

separate the sacs from the cytosol

each cisternae is not connected

has directionality (cis face and trans face)

31
Q

cis face in golgi complex

A

receives vesicles from the ER

32
Q

trans face in golgi complex

A

sends vesicles back out into cytosol to other locations or to the plasma membrane for secretion

33
Q

golgi complex functions

A

receives transport vesicles with materials from the ER

modifies the materials

sorts the materials

adds molecular tags

packages material into new transport vesicles that exit the membrane via exocytosis

34
Q

lysosomes

A

membranous sac with hydrolytic enzyme

35
Q

lysosomes functions

A

hydrolyzes macromolecules in animal cells

autophagy

36
Q

autophagy

A

lysosomes can recycle their own cell’s organic materials

allow the cell to renew itself

37
Q

peroxisomes

A

similar to lysosomes

membrane bound metabolic compartment. catalyze reactions that produce H2O2; enzymes in peroxisomes then break down H2O2 to water

38
Q

vacuoles

A

large vesicles that stem from the ER and golgi

39
Q

types of vacuoles

A

food vacuole

contractile vacuole

central vacuole

40
Q

food vacuole

A

form via phagocytosis (cell eating) and then ate digested by lysosomes

41
Q

contractile vacuole

A

maintain water levels in cells

42
Q

central vacuole

A

found in plants

contains inorganic ions and water

important for turgor pressure

43
Q

endosymbiont theory

A

the theory that explains the similarities mitochondria and chloroplasts have to a prokaryote

theory states that an early eukaryotic cell engulfed a prokaryotic cell; prokaryotic became and endosymbiont (cell that lives in another cell), became one functional organism

44
Q

endosymbiont theory evidence

A

double membrane

ribosomes

circular DNA

capable of functioning on their own

45
Q

mitochndria

A

site of cellular respiration

46
Q

structure of the double membrane in mitochondria

A

outer membrane is smooth

inner membrane has folds called cristae; divides the mitochondria into two internal compartments and increases the surface area

47
Q

mitochondria types

A

intermembrane and mitochondrial matrix

48
Q

intermembrane mitochondria

A

space between inner and outer membrane

49
Q

mitochondrial matrix mitochondria

A

enclosed by inner member

location for the krebs cycle

contains: enzymes that catalyze cellular respiration and produce ATP, mitochondrial DNA, and ribosomes

50
Q

what does the number of mitochondria in a cell correlate with?

A

metabolic activity

51
Q

do cells with high metabolic activity have more mitochondria?

A

yes

52
Q

chloroplast

A

specialized organelles in photsynthetic organisms

53
Q

thylakoids (inside the double membrane of chloroplasts)

A

membranous sacs that can organize into stacks called grana

54
Q

stroma

A

fluid around thylakoids

location for the calvin cycle

contains: chloroplast DNA, ribosomes, enzymes

55
Q

cytoskeleton

A

a network of fibers throughout the cytoplasm

give structural support and mechanical support

56
Q

cytoskeleton functions

A

anchor organelles

allow for movement of vesicles and organelles and/or the whole cell

57
Q

what does the cytoskeleton have to interact with for movement to occur?

A

motor proteins

58
Q

three types of fibers in the cytoskeleton

A

microtubules

microfilaments

intermediate filaments

59
Q

microtubules

A

hollow rod-like structures made of the protein tubulin

grow from the centrosome (assist in microtubule assembly)

60
Q

microtubules functions

A

serve as structural support (think: tracks) for the movement of organelles that are interacting in motor proteins

assist in the separation of chromosomes during cell division

cell motility (ie cilia and flagella)

61
Q

microfilaments

A

thin solid rods made of the protein actin

62
Q

microfilaments functions

A

maintain cell shape

assist in muscle contraction and cell motility

division of animal cells

63
Q

intermediate filaments

A

fibrous proteins made up of varying subunits

permanent structural elements of cells

64
Q

intermediate filaments functions

A

maintain cell shape

anchor nucleus and organelles

form the nuclear laminate (lines the nuclear envelope)

ap biology (12 decks)

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