meiosis and genetic diversity, mendelian genetics

Question 1

genetics

Answer 1

study of heredity and heriditary variations

Question 2

heredity

Answer 2

transmission of traits from one generation to the next

Question 3

traits are passed from parent to offspring through

Answer 3

genes

Question 4

genes

Answer 4

segments of DNA that code for basic units of heredity

Question 5

asexual reproduction

Answer 5

single individual

no fusion of gametes

clones: offspring are exact copies of parent

mutations are the only source of variation

ca produce asexually through mitosis

Question 6

sexual reproduction

Answer 6

two parents (male/female)

offspring are unique combinations of genes from parents

genetically varied from parents and siblings

Question 7

homologous chromosomes

Answer 7

a pair of chromosomes (same size, length, centromere position) that carry same genetic information

Question 8

karyotypes

Answer 8

display of chromosome pairs ordered by size and length

Question 9

two types of chromosmes

Answer 9

autosomes

sex chromosomes

Question 10

autosomes

Answer 10

chromosomes that do not determine sec (22 pairs)

Question 11

sex chromosomes

Answer 11

x and y

eggs: x (humans: 22+x)
sperm: x or y (humans: 22+x or y)

Question 12

meiosis

Answer 12

process that creates haploid gamete cells in sexually reproducing diploid organisms

Question 13

meiosis results

Answer 13

daughter cells with half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell

Question 14

mitosis vs meiosis

Answer 14

mitosis:
occurs in somatic cells
1 division
results in 2 diploid daughter cells
saygheter cells are genetically identical

meisos:
forms gametes
2 divisions
results in 4 haploid daughter cells
each daughter cell is genetically unique

Question 15

key events in meiosis

Answer 15

prophase I: synapsis and crossing over

metaphase I: tetrads (homologous pairs) line up at the metaphase plate)

anaphase I: homologou pairs separate

Question 16

meiosis I: interphase

Answer 16

cell goes through g1, s (DNA is copied), g2

Question 17

synapsis

Answer 17

homologous chromosomes pair up and physically connect to each other to form a tetrad

Question 18

crossing over (recombination)

Answer 18

occurs at the chiasmata and DNA is exchanged between the homologous pairs

Question 19

anaphase I

Answer 19

pairs of homologous chromosomes separate

sister chromatids are still attached

Question 20

telophase I and cytokinesis

Answer 20

nuclei and cytoplasm divide

there is now a hapoid set of chromosomes in each daughter cell

Question 21

prophase II

Answer 21

no crossing over

spindle forms

Question 22

metaphase II

Answer 22

chromosomes line up at metaphase plate

because of crossing over in meiosis I, the chromstids are unique

Question 23

anaphase II

Answer 23

sister chromatids separate and move towards opposite poles

Question 24

telophase II and cytokinesis

Answer 24

4 haploid cells

nuclei reappear

each daughter cell is genetically unique

Question 25

homozygous

Answer 25

an organism that has a pair of identical alleles for a character

Question 26

heterozygous

Answer 26

an organism has two different alleles for a gene

Question 27

genotype

Answer 27

genetic makeup (alleles) of an organism

Question 28

phenotype

Answer 28

an organisms appearance, which is determined by the genotype

Question 29

testcross

Answer 29

help to determine if the dominant trait is homozygous dominant or heterozygous

Question 30

monohybrid cross

Answer 30

cross between f1 hybrids

Question 31

law of segregation

Answer 31

two alleles for the same trait separate during gamete formation and end ul in different gametes

Question 32

law of independent assortment

Answer 32

genes for one trait are not inherited with genes if another trait

Question 33

dihybrid cross

Answer 33

cross between f1 dihybrids