topic 1 quiz Flashcards
at the heart of science is blank
inquiry
inquiry
search for information and explanation
two main steps of inquiry
making observations
forming hypotheses
making observations describes structures and processes through blank and blank of data
observation
analysis
data
recorded observations
qualitative data(/observations)
observations with senses
quantitative data(/observations)
measured using instruments
inductive reasoning
derive generalizations based on a large number of specific observations
hypothesis
predication that can be tested by recording more observations or experiments
forming hypothesis:
if
the manipulated variable
forming hypothesis:
then
the responding variable
forming hypothesis:
bc
optional explanation
results can either blank or blank the hypothesis
NEVER SAY “the hypothesis is correct”
support
refute
deductive reasoning
specific results are derived from general premises
null and alternative hypotheses:
always start with a blank
null hypothesis
null hypothesis (H0)
hypothesis which the researcher tries to disprove, reject, or nullify
the hypothesis that there is no difference between two groups of data, and the experimental observations are due to chance
null and alternative hypotheses:
after the null, list the blank
alternative hypotheses
do most scientific inquiries follow a perfectly structured form?
no
scientists can be working with the wrong hypothesis and have to blank
redirect research
hypothesis
an explanation to a question
tested by an experiment or continued observation
can be disproven, but cannot be proven true
theory
summarizes a group of hypothesis
broader in scope
new hypotheses can be generated from it
support by massive body of evidence
laws=describes, theories=explain
scientific law
statement of fact usually as a mathematical formula
ie newton’s law of gravity
describes an observation- not “how” or “why”
generally accepted to be true or universal
basis for scientific method
experiments:
start with an blank and a blank
observation
hypothesis
experiments:
use blank and blank groups
control groups (+ and/or -) experimental
well designed experiments should include:
independent variable (IV)
dependent variable (DV)
control group (+ and/or -)
constants
of trials (3 is min)
variables vs constants:
variable
something that is changed in the exp
variables vs constants:
constant
something that does not change throughout the exp
independent variable
the one factor that is changed by the person doing the exp
represents a quantity that is being manipulated in an exp
dependent variable
the factor which is measured in the exp
represents a quantity whose value depends on how the independent variable is manipulated
constants
all the factors that stay the same in an exp
examples of constants
temp, location, height, weight
why is it important to ONLY change the independent variable?
if you measure a change in the dependent variable, you won’t know whether it is the independent variable that is causing the change
experimental controls
control group (expected results) experimental group (experimental results)
control groups:
controls are blank elements of an experiment
essential
what do controls help eliminate?
experimental errors and biases of researchers
results of the control exps blank statistical analysis of the exp
validate
statistical analysis is necessary to determine whether or not data is significant
reliability of the exp increases
two types of controls
positive and negative
positive controls
group not exposed to the experimental treatment or independent variable
but it IS exposed to a treatment know to produce expected affect
ensures there is effect when there should be an affect
if the positive control does not produce expected result, there may be something wrong with the experimental procedure
known/expected results
negative controls
group not exposed to any treatment or exposed not exposed to a treatment that is known to have NO effect
ensure there is no effect when there should be no effect
group where nothing is expected to happen
no/none results
exps do not need to contain both negative and positive controls
