cell cycle

Question 1

what does cell division process allow for?

Answer 1

reproduction of cells, growth of cells, and tissue repair

Question 2

cell cycle

Answer 2

the life of a cell from its formation until it divides

Question 3

what does DNA associate with and weap around when they behin to be packaged before division?

Answer 3

proteins known as histones to form nucleosomes

Question 4

strings of nucleosomes form

Answer 4

chromatin

Question 5

when is chromatin in a non-condensed form?

Answer 5

when a cell is not actively dividing

Question 6

what happens to chromatin after DNA replication?

Answer 6

it condensed to form a chromosome

Question 7

why are cheomosomes densely packed?

Answer 7

to allow for easier division

Question 8

chromosome copied join together to form

Answer 8

sister chromatids

Question 9

centromere

Answer 9

region of each sister chromatid where they are most closely attached

Question 10

kinetochore

Answer 10

proteins attached to the centromere that link each sister chromatid to the mitotic spindle

Question 11

genome

Answer 11

all of a cell’s genetic information (DNA)

Question 12

prokaryotes

Answer 12

singular, circular DNA

Question 13

eukaryotes

Answer 13

one or more linear chromosome

Question 14

homologous chromosomes

Answer 14

two chromosomes (one from mom and one from dad) that are the same length, have same centromere position, and carry genes controlling same characteristics

Question 15

types of cells

Answer 15

somatic cells

gametes

Question 16

somatic cells

Answer 16

body cells

diploid (2n): two sets of chromosomes

diviside by mitosis

Question 17

gametes

Answer 17

reproductive cells (eggs/sperm)

haploid (n): one set of chromosomes

divide by meiosis

Question 18

interphase

Answer 18

G1
S
G2

Question 19

G1

Answer 19

“first gap” phase

cell grows and carries out normal functions

Question 20

S

Answer 20

“synthesis” phase

DNA replication and chromosome duplication occurs

Question 21

G2

Answer 21

“second gap” phase

final growth and preparation for mitosis

Question 22

M phase

Answer 22

mitosis: nucleus divides
cytokinesis: cytoplasm divides

mitosis results in 2 identical dipoid daughter cells

Question 23

phases of mitosis

Answer 23

1- prophase
2-prometaphase
3- metaphase
4- anaphase
5- telophase and cytokinesis

Question 24

prophase

Answer 24

chromatin condenses

nucleoli disappear

duplicated chromosomes appear as sister chromatids

mitotic spindle begins to form

centrosomes move away from each other

Question 25

prometaphase

Answer 25

nuclear envelope fragments microtubules enter nuclear area and some attach to kinetochores

Question 26

metaphase

Answer 26

centrosomes are at opposite poles chromosomes line up at the metaphase plate microtubules are attached to each kinetochore

Question 27

anaphase

Answer 27

sister chromatids separate and move to opposite ends of the cell due to the microtubules shortening cell elongates

Question 28

telophase and cytokinesis

Answer 28

two daughter nuclei form nucleoli reappear chromosomes become less condensed

Question 29

how does cytokinesis occur in animals?

Answer 29

a cleavage furrow appears due to a contractile ring of actin filaments

Question 30

how does cytokinesis occur in plants?

Answer 30

vesicles produced by the golgi travel to the middle of the cell and form a cell plate

Question 31

checkpoints

Answer 31

control points throughout the cell cycle that regulate it (cells receive stop and go signals)

Question 32

G1 checkpoint

Answer 32

checks for cell size, growth factors, and DNA damage GO: cell completes the whole cell cycle STOP: cell eneters a nondividing (quiescent) state known as G0 phase

Question 33

G0

Answer 33

some cells stay in G0 forever (muscle/nerve cells) some cells can be called back into the cell cycle

Question 34

G2 checkpoint

Answer 34

checks for completion of DNA replication and DNA damage GO: cell proceeds to mitosis STOP: cell cycle stops and the cell will attempt to repair damage; if damage cannot be repaired the cell undergoes apoptosis

Question 35

apoptosis

Answer 35

programmed cell death

Question 36

M (spindle) checkpoint

Answer 36

checks for microtubule attachment to chromosomes at kinetochores at metaphase GO: cell proceeds to anaphase and completes mitosis STOP: cell will pause mitosis to allow for spindles to finish attaching to chromosomes

Question 37

internal control system consists of

Answer 37

proteins known as cyclins enzymes known as cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs)

Question 38

cyclins

Answer 38

concentration of cyclin varies are sysnthesized and degraded at specific stages of cell cycle

Question 39

CDKs

Answer 39

concentration remains constant theough each ohase of cell cycle active only when its specific cyclin is present

Question 40

growth factors

Answer 40

hormones released by cells that stimulate cell growth sugnal transduction pathway is initiated CDKs are activated leading to progression through cell cycle

Question 41

contact (or density) inhibition

Answer 41

cell surface receptors recognize contact with other cells initiated signal transduction pathway that stops cell cycle in G1 phase

Question 42

anchorage dependence

Answer 42

cells rely on attachment to other cells or the extracellular matrix to divide

Question 43

tumor

Answer 43

mass of tissue formed by abnormal cells

Question 44

benign tumor

Answer 44

cells are abnormal, but not considered to be cancerous (yet) cells remain and tumor cite

Question 45

malignant tumor

Answer 45

mass of cancerous cells that lose their anchorage dependency and can leave the tumor cite metastasis: when cells separate from the tumor and spread elsewhere in body