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cell cycle Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what does cell division process allow for?

A

reproduction of cells, growth of cells, and tissue repair

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2
Q

cell cycle

A

the life of a cell from its formation until it divides

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3
Q

what does DNA associate with and weap around when they behin to be packaged before division?

A

proteins known as histones to form nucleosomes

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4
Q

strings of nucleosomes form

A

chromatin

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5
Q

when is chromatin in a non-condensed form?

A

when a cell is not actively dividing

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6
Q

what happens to chromatin after DNA replication?

A

it condensed to form a chromosome

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7
Q

why are cheomosomes densely packed?

A

to allow for easier division

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8
Q

chromosome copied join together to form

A

sister chromatids

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9
Q

centromere

A

region of each sister chromatid where they are most closely attached

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10
Q

kinetochore

A

proteins attached to the centromere that link each sister chromatid to the mitotic spindle

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11
Q

genome

A

all of a cell’s genetic information (DNA)

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12
Q

prokaryotes

A

singular, circular DNA

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13
Q

eukaryotes

A

one or more linear chromosome

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14
Q

homologous chromosomes

A

two chromosomes (one from mom and one from dad) that are the same length, have same centromere position, and carry genes controlling same characteristics

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15
Q

types of cells

A

somatic cells

gametes

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16
Q

somatic cells

A

body cells

diploid (2n): two sets of chromosomes

diviside by mitosis

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17
Q

gametes

A

reproductive cells (eggs/sperm)

haploid (n): one set of chromosomes

divide by meiosis

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18
Q

interphase

A

G1
S
G2

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19
Q

G1

A

“first gap” phase

cell grows and carries out normal functions

20
Q

S

A

“synthesis” phase

DNA replication and chromosome duplication occurs

21
Q

G2

A

“second gap” phase

final growth and preparation for mitosis

22
Q

M phase

A

mitosis: nucleus divides
cytokinesis: cytoplasm divides

mitosis results in 2 identical dipoid daughter cells

23
Q

phases of mitosis

A 
1- prophase
2-prometaphase
3- metaphase
4- anaphase
5- telophase and cytokinesis
24
Q

prophase

A

chromatin condenses

nucleoli disappear

duplicated chromosomes appear as sister chromatids

mitotic spindle begins to form

centrosomes move away from each other

25
Q

prometaphase

A

nuclear envelope fragments

microtubules enter nuclear area and some attach to kinetochores

26
Q

metaphase

A

centrosomes are at opposite poles

chromosomes line up at the metaphase plate

microtubules are attached to each kinetochore

27
Q

anaphase

A

sister chromatids separate and move to opposite ends of the cell due to the microtubules shortening

cell elongates

28
Q

telophase and cytokinesis

A

two daughter nuclei form

nucleoli reappear

chromosomes become less condensed

29
Q

how does cytokinesis occur in animals?

A

a cleavage furrow appears due to a contractile ring of actin filaments

30
Q

how does cytokinesis occur in plants?

A

vesicles produced by the golgi travel to the middle of the cell and form a cell plate

31
Q

checkpoints

A

control points throughout the cell cycle that regulate it (cells receive stop and go signals)

32
Q

G1 checkpoint

A

checks for cell size, growth factors, and DNA damage

GO: cell completes the whole cell cycle
STOP: cell eneters a nondividing (quiescent) state known as G0 phase

33
Q

G0

A

some cells stay in G0 forever (muscle/nerve cells)

some cells can be called back into the cell cycle

34
Q

G2 checkpoint

A

checks for completion of DNA replication and DNA damage

GO: cell proceeds to mitosis
STOP: cell cycle stops and the cell will attempt to repair damage; if damage cannot be repaired the cell undergoes apoptosis

35
Q

apoptosis

A

programmed cell death

36
Q

M (spindle) checkpoint

A

checks for microtubule attachment to chromosomes at kinetochores at metaphase

GO: cell proceeds to anaphase and completes mitosis

STOP: cell will pause mitosis to allow for spindles to finish attaching to chromosomes

37
Q

internal control system consists of

A

proteins known as cyclins

enzymes known as cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs)

38
Q

cyclins

A

concentration of cyclin varies

are sysnthesized and degraded at specific stages of cell cycle

39
Q

CDKs

A

concentration remains constant theough each ohase of cell cycle

active only when its specific cyclin is present

40
Q

growth factors

A

hormones released by cells that stimulate cell growth

sugnal transduction pathway is initiated

CDKs are activated leading to progression through cell cycle

41
Q

contact (or density) inhibition

A

cell surface receptors recognize contact with other cells

initiated signal transduction pathway that stops cell cycle in G1 phase

42
Q

anchorage dependence

A

cells rely on attachment to other cells or the extracellular matrix to divide

43
Q

tumor

A

mass of tissue formed by abnormal cells

44
Q

benign tumor

A

cells are abnormal, but not considered to be cancerous (yet)

cells remain and tumor cite

45
Q

malignant tumor

A

mass of cancerous cells that lose their anchorage dependency and can leave the tumor cite

metastasis: when cells separate from the tumor and spread elsewhere in body

ap biology (12 decks)

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