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ap biology > introduction to bilogical macromolecules > Flashcards

introduction to bilogical macromolecules Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what do variations in carbon skeletons allow for?

A

molecular diversity

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2
Q

carbon can form large molecules known as

A

macromolecules

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3
Q

polymers

A

chain like macromolecules of similar or identical repeating units that are covalently bonded together

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4
Q

monomers

A

the repeating units that make up polymers

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5
Q

dehydration reaction

A

bonds two monomers with the loss of H2O

the OH of one monomer bonds with the H of another monomer forming H2O, which is released

A+B—>AB+H2O

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6
Q

hydrolysis

A

breaks the bonds in a polymer by adding H2O

one H of the H2o bonds to one monomer and the remaining OH of the H2O attaches to the other monomer

AB+H2O—>A+B

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7
Q

carbohydrates include blank and blank of sugars

A

sugars

polymers

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8
Q

what groups do carbohydrates contain?

A

a carbonyl group and many hydroxyl groups

comprised of C, H, and O

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9
Q

monosaccharides

A

simple sugars

molecular formulas with multiples of the unit CH2O

most common is glucose

can serve as building blocks for amino acids, or as monomers for di and polysaccharides

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10
Q

disaccharides

A

two monosaccharides joined together by covalent bonds

most common is sucrose

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11
Q

polysaccharides

A

polymer with many sugars joined via dehydration reactions

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12
Q

storage polysaccharides

A

plants store starch (polymer of glucose monomers); allows plants to store excess glucose

animals store glycogen (polymer of glucose); stored in liver and muscle cells

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13
Q

structural polysaccharides

A

cellulose: tough substance that forms plant cell walls
chitin: forms exoskeleton of arthtropods

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14
Q

formation of a protein

A

amino acid—>peptide—>polypeptide—>protein

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15
Q

protein

A

molecule consisting of polypeptides (polymers of amino acids) folded in a 3D shape

comprised of C, H, O, N, and S

shape determines function

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16
Q

amino acids

A

molecules that have an amino group and a carbonyl group

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17
Q

general structure of protein

A

amino group, carbonyl group, and variable side chain (R)

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18
Q

unique aspects of the AA are based on what?

A

the side chain’s physical and chemical properties

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19
Q

side chains can be grouped as

A

nonpolar (hydrophobic)

polar (hydrophilic)

charged/ionic (hydrophilic)

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20
Q

side chains interact, which determine the blank and blank of the protein

A

shape

function

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21
Q

to form a peptide bond, the blank group of one AA must be positioned next to the blank group of another AA

A

carboxyl

amino

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22
Q

polypeptides

A

many amino acids linked by peptide bonds

each polypeptide has unique sequence of AAs and directionality

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23
Q

each end of a polypeptide is chemically unique

A

one end is a free amino group (N-terminus)

one end is a free carboxyl group (C-terminus)

24
Q

the sequence of AAs determines the what?

A

3D shape

25
Q

when a polypeptide twists and folds (because of R group interaction), it forms a

A

protein

26
Q

functions of proteins

A

antibody: help protect the body from disease
enzyme: carry out chemical reactions or assist in creating new molecules
messenger: transmit signals (ie hormones)
structural: provide structure and support

transport/storage: bind to and carry small atoms and molecules through the body

27
Q

primary level of protein structure

A

linear chain of AA

determined via genes

dictates secondary and tertiary forms

28
Q

secondary level of protein structure

A

coils and folds due to hydrogen bonding with the polypeptide backbone

beta pleated sheet: hydrogen bonds between polypeptide chains lying side by side

alpha helix: hydrogen bonding between every fourth AA

29
Q

tertiary level of protein structure

A

3D folding due to interactions between the side chains of the AAs

reinforced by hydrophobic interactions and disulfide bridges of the chains

the covalent bonds formed between sulfur atoms and two cysteine monomers

30
Q

quaternary level of protein structure

A

association of two or more polypeptides

found in only some proteins

31
Q

nucleic acids

A

polymers made of nucleotide monomers

32
Q

nucleic acids function

A

store, transmit, and express hereditary info

33
Q

two forms of nucleic acids

A

deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

ribonucleic acid (RNA)

34
Q

components of nucleic acids

A

nucleotides—>polynucleotides—>nucleic acids

35
Q

three parts of nucleic acids

A

nitrogenous base

five carbon sugar (pentose)

phosphate group

36
Q

types of nitrogenous based

A

pyrimidines and purines

37
Q

pyrimidines

A

one ring with 6 atoms

cytosine; thymine (only found in DNA); uracil (only found in RNA)

38
Q

purines

A

one ring with 6 atoms bonded to one ring with 5 atoms

adenine; guanine

39
Q

five carbon sugar

A

a sugar is bonded to the base

in DNA the sugar is deoxyribose

in RNA the sugar is ribose

40
Q

a phosphate is added to the 5’ carbon of the sugar to form a what?

A

nucleotide

41
Q

what groups link adjacent nucleotides?

A

phosphate

directionality; 5’ to 3’

42
Q

the sequence of bases along the DNA or mRNA is blank for each blank

A

unique

gene

43
Q

sequence of bases along the DNA or mRNA dictates

A

primary structure of a protein

3D structure of a protein

44
Q

DNA

A

consists of two polynucleotides

forms a double helix

strands are anti parallel

held together by hydrogen bonds between bases

45
Q

RNA

A

single stranded polynucleotide

variable in shape

due to base pairing within RNA

46
Q

lipids

A

class of molecules that do not include true polymers

generally small in size

often not considered to be a macromolecule

lipids are nonpolar- hydrophobic

47
Q

types of lipids

A

fats

phospholipids

steroids

48
Q

fats are composed of blank and blank

A

glycerol

fatty acids

49
Q

glycerol

A

classified as an alcohol (hydroxyl groups)

50
Q

fatty acids

A

ping carbon chains (carboxyl group at one end)

51
Q

three fatty acids join to a glycerol via blank

A

ester linkage

52
Q

ester linkage

A

bond between a hydroxyl and carboxyl group

53
Q

saturated fatty acid

A

no double bonds between carbon sun the carbon chain=more hydrogen (think: saturated with hydrogen)

54
Q

unsaturated fatty acid

A

contains one or more double bonds

55
Q

phospholipids

A

major component of cell membranes; two fatty acids attached to a glycerol and a phosphate

assemble as a bilayer in H2O; tails are hydrophobic and head is hydrophilic

56
Q

steroids

A

lipids that have four fused rings

unique groups attached to the ring determines the type of steroid

ap biology (12 decks)

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