UNIT 2 PSYC 492 - 2.22.24 Motor Pt. 2

Question 1

List the brain regions responsible for motor control and movement

Answer 1

• Primary Motor Cortex
• Secondary Motor Cortex (suppmentary motor area, premotor area, cingulate motor cortex)
• Cerebellum
• Basal Ganglia
• Projections to Dorsolaterial Prefrontal Cortex
• Projections to posterior areas of parietal lobe (Brodmann’s areas 5 and 7)

Question 2

Synesthesia

Answer 2

an integration of senses; pairing one sense with perception in another

Question 3

“to perceive together”

Answer 3

Synesthesia

“Esthesia” = capacity for sensation or feeling
“Syn” = with/together

“An” = without/lack of; Anesthesia = lack of feeling

Question 4

List three types of synesthesia.

Answer 4

• Grapheme-color
• sound to color
• lexical gustatory

Question 5

Synesthesia affects more ———- than ——–.

Answer 5

women; men

Question 6

Synesthesia affects 1 of how many people?

Answer 6

2000

Question 7

T/F: Synesthesia has a genetic component, as it runs in families.

Answer 7

True

Question 8

Synesthesia is an ———— and ————– phenomenon.

Answer 8

involuntary; unlearned

Question 9

Can you train yourself to be synesthetic?

Answer 9

No; it is only considered synesthesia if it is involuntary and unlearned

Question 10

At what stage in life do synesthesia experiences start?

Answer 10

childhood

Question 11

Best assessment of whether someone is synesthetic is the ————— of their pairings.

Compared to non-synesthetic people, synesthetics pairings were ——-% consistent after ———– had passed. Non-synesthetics pairings were ——% consistent after ———- had passed.

Answer 11

consistency

90%; 1 year
20%; 2 weeks

Question 12

List the theories of synesthesia.

Answer 12

• re-entrant processing
• local cross-activation
• long range disinhibited feedback
• parietal hyperbinding

Question 13

What are 2 themes among the theories of synesthesia?

Answer 13

Atypical connectivity and potentially a failure of pruning during development

Question 14

What is re-entrant processing?

Answer 14

a theory of synesthesia; cross-talk between higher-order areas of the brain

Question 15

what is local cross-activation?

Answer 15

a theory of synesthesia – unusual connections (from lecture, need more from book)

Question 16

What is long-range disinhibited feedback?

Answer 16

theory of synesthesia; multi-sensory nexus, especially from higher order areas (find more in book)

Question 17

what is parietal hyperbinding?

Answer 17

a theory of synesthesia; LOOK at book for definition

Question 18

How does the gray matter volume in synesthetics differ than in non-synesthetics?

Slide: Neural Underpinnings of Synesthesia

Answer 18

Synesthetics have differences in gray matter volume:there is greater gray matter volume in left superior parietal cortex and less gray matter volume in cingulate gyrus.

Question 19

Name and describe the two types of grapheme-color synesthetes.

Answer 19

Projectors: project the grapheme-color pairing onto their external environment; synesthetes that see an overlay of the color on the grapheme
Associators: grapheme-color pairings are internal; synesthetes that “just know” the certain grapheme is a certain color

Question 20

What are lexical gustatory synesthetes?

Answer 20

NEED TO LOOK UP

Question 21

According to Rouw & Sholte, 2010, what are the gray matter differences between associators and projectors?

Answer 21

Projectors have more gray matter in:
- right Heschl’s gyrus
- left media frontal gyrus
- left precentral gyrus
- right frontal gyrus
- bilateral precuneus

Associators have more gray matter in:
- cerebellum
- fusiform gyrus
- hippocampus
- angular gyrus into parietal areas

Question 22

According to Rouw & Sholte, 2010, what are the activation differences between associators and projectors?

Answer 22

Associators have more activation in:
- parahippocampal area and temporal fusiform gyrus

Question 23

According to Rouw & Sholte, 2010, what are the activation differences between synesthetes and non-synesthetes?

Answer 23

Synesthestes have more activation in:
- intraparietal sulcus
- frontal gyrus
- precentral gyrus
- parieto-occipital sulcus

Question 24

T/F: Roew and Sholte (2010) only found structural differences between synesthetes and non-synesthetes.

Answer 24

False; They also found functional differences between synesthetes and non-synesthetes.

Question 25

Summarize the findings of Roew and Sholte (2010) as they pertain to differences between synesthetes and non-synesthetes.

Answer 25

Structural differences in:
- parietal gray matter

Functional differences in:
- intraparietal sulcus
- frontal/prefrontal gyri
- parieto-occipital sulcus

Question 26

Summarize the findings of Roew and Sholte (2010) as they pertain to differences between projectors and associator synesthetes.

Answer 26

Structural differences in:
- cortical frontal gyri vs. hippocampus

Functional differences in:
- parahippocampal areas
- fusiform gyri

Question 27

T/F: There are both structural and functional differences between projector and associator synesthetes.

Answer 27

True