UNIT 2 PSYC 492 - 2.22.24 Motor Pt. 2 Flashcards
List the brain regions responsible for motor control and movement
- Primary Motor Cortex
- Secondary Motor Cortex (suppmentary motor area, premotor area, cingulate motor cortex)
- Cerebellum
- Basal Ganglia
- Projections to Dorsolaterial Prefrontal Cortex
- Projections to posterior areas of parietal lobe (Brodmann’s areas 5 and 7)
Synesthesia
an integration of senses; pairing one sense with perception in another
“to perceive together”
Synesthesia
“Esthesia” = capacity for sensation or feeling
“Syn” = with/together
“An” = without/lack of; Anesthesia = lack of feeling
List three types of synesthesia.
- Grapheme-color
- sound to color
- lexical gustatory
Synesthesia affects more ———- than ——–.
women; men
Synesthesia affects 1 of how many people?
2000
T/F: Synesthesia has a genetic component, as it runs in families.
True
Synesthesia is an ———— and ————– phenomenon.
involuntary; unlearned
Can you train yourself to be synesthetic?
No; it is only considered synesthesia if it is involuntary and unlearned
At what stage in life do synesthesia experiences start?
childhood
Best assessment of whether someone is synesthetic is the ————— of their pairings.
Compared to non-synesthetic people, synesthetics pairings were ——-% consistent after ———– had passed. Non-synesthetics pairings were ——% consistent after ———- had passed.
consistency
90%; 1 year
20%; 2 weeks
List the theories of synesthesia.
- re-entrant processing
- local cross-activation
- long range disinhibited feedback
- parietal hyperbinding
What are 2 themes among the theories of synesthesia?
Atypical connectivity and potentially a failure of pruning during development
What is re-entrant processing?
a theory of synesthesia; cross-talk between higher-order areas of the brain
what is local cross-activation?
a theory of synesthesia – unusual connections (from lecture, need more from book)
What is long-range disinhibited feedback?
theory of synesthesia; multi-sensory nexus, especially from higher order areas (find more in book)
what is parietal hyperbinding?
a theory of synesthesia; LOOK at book for definition
How does the gray matter volume in synesthetics differ than in non-synesthetics?
Slide: Neural Underpinnings of Synesthesia
Synesthetics have differences in gray matter volume:there is greater gray matter volume in left superior parietal cortex and less gray matter volume in cingulate gyrus.
Name and describe the two types of grapheme-color synesthetes.
Projectors: project the grapheme-color pairing onto their external environment; synesthetes that see an overlay of the color on the grapheme
Associators: grapheme-color pairings are internal; synesthetes that “just know” the certain grapheme is a certain color
What are lexical gustatory synesthetes?
NEED TO LOOK UP
According to Rouw & Sholte, 2010, what are the gray matter differences between associators and projectors?
Projectors have more gray matter in:
- right Heschl’s gyrus
- left media frontal gyrus
- left precentral gyrus
- right frontal gyrus
- bilateral precuneus
Associators have more gray matter in:
- cerebellum
- fusiform gyrus
- hippocampus
- angular gyrus into parietal areas
According to Rouw & Sholte, 2010, what are the activation differences between associators and projectors?
Associators have more activation in:
- parahippocampal area and temporal fusiform gyrus
According to Rouw & Sholte, 2010, what are the activation differences between synesthetes and non-synesthetes?
Synesthestes have more activation in:
- intraparietal sulcus
- frontal gyrus
- precentral gyrus
- parieto-occipital sulcus
T/F: Roew and Sholte (2010) only found structural differences between synesthetes and non-synesthetes.
False; They also found functional differences between synesthetes and non-synesthetes.
Summarize the findings of Roew and Sholte (2010) as they pertain to differences between synesthetes and non-synesthetes.
Structural differences in:
- parietal gray matter
Functional differences in:
- intraparietal sulcus
- frontal/prefrontal gyri
- parieto-occipital sulcus
Summarize the findings of Roew and Sholte (2010) as they pertain to differences between projectors and associator synesthetes.
Structural differences in:
- cortical frontal gyri vs. hippocampus
Functional differences in:
- parahippocampal areas
- fusiform gyri
T/F: There are both structural and functional differences between projector and associator synesthetes.
True
