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Clinical Neuropsychology > PSYC 492 UNIT 3 - Developmental Disorders - 3.19.24 > Flashcards

PSYC 492 UNIT 3 - Developmental Disorders - 3.19.24 Flashcards

1
Q

The developing brain is ———-, and we need to consider both ——- and ——- factors.

A

vulnerable; pre/perinatal (what the mother is exposed to while pregnant); postnatal (what child is exposed to after birth).

Lecture 3.19.2024 - EF_Developmental Disorders

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2
Q

Unlike the adult brain, the developing brain is somewhat ———— and may have more potential for ————-.

A

resilient; plasticity

Lecture 3.19.2024 - EF_Developmental Disorders

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3
Q

What is the Kennard principle?

A

injuries earlier in life are more “favorable” for recovery

Lecture 3.19.2024 - EF_Developmental Disorders

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4
Q

What is the opposing viewpoint to the Kennard principle?

A

if neural mechanisms are damaged before the brain areas are able to develop, then it may be worse to experience injury to the brain when younger

Lecture 3.19.2024 - EF_Developmental Disorders

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5
Q

What are three ways in which a developing brain might differ from a fully developed brain?

REVISIT wording – listen to lecture

A
  • differing responses to lesions
  • might be difficult to assess functioning in a child
  • the effects of injury or disease might be delayed

Lecture 3.19.2024 - EF_Developmental Disorders

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6
Q

If the anterior (front part) of the neural tube does not close correctly, it will result in what condition?

A

Anencephaly

Lecture 3.19.2024 - EF_Developmental Disorders

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7
Q

The prognosis for an infant with anencephaly is typically ———-.

A

Very negative, likely death shortly after birth

Lecture 3.19.2024 - EF_Developmental Disorders

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8
Q

If the posterior (back) side of the neural tube fails to close, what condition will the child likely have?

A

spina bifida

Lecture 3.19.2024 - EF_Developmental Disorders

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9
Q

Name and briefly describe the anatomical features of the three types of spina bifida.

A

spina bifida occulta: there may be a minor bump in the spinal cord, but the spinal nerve is intact

spina bifida meningocele: there is a larger bump in the spinal cord, but the spinal nerve is still intact;

spina bifida myelomeningocele: both the spinal cord and spinal nerve are impacted

Lecture 3.19.2024 - EF_Developmental Disorders

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10
Q

Anencephaly and spina bifida are disorders of ————- development.

A

anatomic

Lecture 3.19.2024 - EF_Developmental Disorders

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11
Q

Describe what spina bifida myelomeningocele might look like.

A

It is the most severe form of spina bifid.

The affected individual is able to learn based on associative, rule-based processing. However, learning or performing activities involving integration of information (e.g., math problems, reading comprehension). Additionally, the individual may have symptoms with inattention, including underarousal, difficulty alerting, orienting vs. self-regulation.

Lecture 3.19.2024 - EF_Developmental Disorders

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12
Q

Of the people who have spina bifida, about how many of them have the myelomeningocele type?

A

9%

Lecture 3.19.2024 - EF_Developmental Disorders

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13
Q

Lissencephaly is a defect in ———— ———— during brain development.

A

neuronal migration

Lecture 3.19.2024 - EF_Developmental Disorders

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14
Q

Approximately how many people does lissencephaly affect?

A

1 in 100,000

Lecture 3.19.2024 - EF_Developmental Disorders

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15
Q

What three issues might cause lissencephaly?

A
  1. viral infections in the 1st trimester
  2. insufficient blood supply to fetal brain
  3. genetic mutations

Lecture 3.19.2024 - EF_Developmental Disorders

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16
Q

What are the two types of lissencephaly and how are they different?

A

Type 1: Classic lissencephaly (agyria) is caused by undermigration of neurons; the pial survace is intact

Type 2: Cobblestone lissencephaly (pachygyria) is caused by overmigration of neurons during development, and there are compromises in the pial surface.

Lecture 3.19.2024 - EF_Developmental Disorders

17
Q

Lissencephaly is sometimes known as ———— brain.

A

“smooth”

Lecture 3.19.2024 - EF_Developmental Disorders

18
Q

T/F

Lissencephaly cannot be an isolated condition; it must occur alongside another syndrome.

A

False
Lissencephaly can be either an isolated condition or part of another syndrome.

Lecture 3.19.2024 - EF_Developmental Disorders

19
Q

Symptoms of Lissencephaly include:

There are 7

A
  • seizures
  • motor issues
  • developmental delays
  • issues with feeding/swallowing
  • failure to thrive (low weight, not growing)
  • congenital limb differences
  • intellectual disability and learning differences

Lecture 3.19.2024 - EF_Developmental Disorders

20
Q

Describe the motor issues that someone with lissencephaly might have.

Four

A
  • muscle spasms
  • poor hand-eye coordination
  • poor muscle tone/strength
  • movement/dexterity

Lecture 3.19.2024 - EF_Developmental Disorders

21
Q

the characteristic feature of this disorder is an overabundance of folds/gyri

A

polymicrogyria

3.21.2024-Neuropsychiatric-Disorders

22
Q

Both ——– and ———— factors can contribute to polymicrogyria.

A

genetic; environmental

3.21.2024-Neuropsychiatric-Disorders

23
Q

Name three causes of polymicrogyria.

A
  • Cytomegalovirus (CMV)
  • Zika Virus
  • Loss of oxygen in utero

3.21.2024-Neuropsychiatric-Disorders

24
Q

The severity of polymicrogyria symptoms can be affected by ———–.

A

The area of the brain that is affected

3.21.2024-Neuropsychiatric-Disorders

25
Q

What part of the brain is most commonly affected by polymicrogyria?

A

around the posterior sylvian fissure

3.21.2024-Neuropsychiatric-Disorders

26
Q

True/False

Polymicrogyria can occur in different areas of the brain. It can be focal, multifocal, diffused, unilateral, bilateral, or assymetrical.

A

True

3.21.2024-Neuropsychiatric-Disorders

27
Q

List 5 common symptoms of polymicrogyria.

A
  • recurrent seizures
  • developmental delays
  • speech and swallowing problems
  • muscle weakness
  • intellectual and learning disabilities

3.21.2024-Neuropsychiatric-Disorders

28
Q

Turner’s Syndrome is a ————–/————- disorder.

A

genetic/chromosomal

29
Q

The microdeletion of chromosome 7q11.23 causes which disorder?

A

William’s syndrome

30
Q

A person with ———— syndrome might be shorter and go through puberty late.

A

Turner’s

(they also may not develop secondary sex characteristics)

31
Q

Mr. Bud is a fantastic singer/songwriter but a horrible artist. He loves being around people, but sometimes he comes on a bit strong. He also has trouble differentiateing between his fans and friends. It’s possible he has ————-.

A

William’s syndrome

32
Q

A person with ———- syndrome is missing an X chromosome and is assigned —— at birth.

A

Turner’s; female

33
Q

Decsribe 3 neurocognitive features of Turner’s syndrome.

A
  • stronger verbal skills than visual spatial skills
  • more likely to have difficulty with sustained attention
  • some executive function difficulties
34
Q

What physical features are characteristic in William’s syndrome?

A
  • shorter nose
  • wide mouth
  • small chin
  • joint issues
35
Q

What structures of the brain are affected in Turner’s syndrome?

A

Reduced volume and atypical activation of:
- right parietal
- right parieto-occipital areas

36
Q

What structures of the brain are affected in William’s syndrome?

A
  • reduced overall brain volume
  • greater volume loss in posterior vs. anterior
37
Q

In William’s Syndrome, gray matter is preserved, along with these two areas of the brain:

A

temporal-limbic; cerebellum

Clinical Neuropsychology (14 decks)

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