PSYC 492 UNIT 3 - Developmental Disorders - 3.19.24 Flashcards
The developing brain is ———-, and we need to consider both ——- and ——- factors.
vulnerable; pre/perinatal (what the mother is exposed to while pregnant); postnatal (what child is exposed to after birth).
Lecture 3.19.2024 - EF_Developmental Disorders
Unlike the adult brain, the developing brain is somewhat ———— and may have more potential for ————-.
resilient; plasticity
Lecture 3.19.2024 - EF_Developmental Disorders
What is the Kennard principle?
injuries earlier in life are more “favorable” for recovery
Lecture 3.19.2024 - EF_Developmental Disorders
What is the opposing viewpoint to the Kennard principle?
if neural mechanisms are damaged before the brain areas are able to develop, then it may be worse to experience injury to the brain when younger
Lecture 3.19.2024 - EF_Developmental Disorders
What are three ways in which a developing brain might differ from a fully developed brain?
REVISIT wording – listen to lecture
- differing responses to lesions
- might be difficult to assess functioning in a child
- the effects of injury or disease might be delayed
Lecture 3.19.2024 - EF_Developmental Disorders
If the anterior (front part) of the neural tube does not close correctly, it will result in what condition?
Anencephaly
Lecture 3.19.2024 - EF_Developmental Disorders
The prognosis for an infant with anencephaly is typically ———-.
Very negative, likely death shortly after birth
Lecture 3.19.2024 - EF_Developmental Disorders
If the posterior (back) side of the neural tube fails to close, what condition will the child likely have?
spina bifida
Lecture 3.19.2024 - EF_Developmental Disorders
Name and briefly describe the anatomical features of the three types of spina bifida.
spina bifida occulta: there may be a minor bump in the spinal cord, but the spinal nerve is intact
spina bifida meningocele: there is a larger bump in the spinal cord, but the spinal nerve is still intact;
spina bifida myelomeningocele: both the spinal cord and spinal nerve are impacted
Lecture 3.19.2024 - EF_Developmental Disorders
Anencephaly and spina bifida are disorders of ————- development.
anatomic
Lecture 3.19.2024 - EF_Developmental Disorders
Describe what spina bifida myelomeningocele might look like.
It is the most severe form of spina bifid.
The affected individual is able to learn based on associative, rule-based processing. However, learning or performing activities involving integration of information (e.g., math problems, reading comprehension). Additionally, the individual may have symptoms with inattention, including underarousal, difficulty alerting, orienting vs. self-regulation.
Lecture 3.19.2024 - EF_Developmental Disorders
Of the people who have spina bifida, about how many of them have the myelomeningocele type?
9%
Lecture 3.19.2024 - EF_Developmental Disorders
Lissencephaly is a defect in ———— ———— during brain development.
neuronal migration
Lecture 3.19.2024 - EF_Developmental Disorders
Approximately how many people does lissencephaly affect?
1 in 100,000
Lecture 3.19.2024 - EF_Developmental Disorders
What three issues might cause lissencephaly?
- viral infections in the 1st trimester
- insufficient blood supply to fetal brain
- genetic mutations
Lecture 3.19.2024 - EF_Developmental Disorders
What are the two types of lissencephaly and how are they different?
Type 1: Classic lissencephaly (agyria) is caused by undermigration of neurons; the pial survace is intact
Type 2: Cobblestone lissencephaly (pachygyria) is caused by overmigration of neurons during development, and there are compromises in the pial surface.
Lecture 3.19.2024 - EF_Developmental Disorders
Lissencephaly is sometimes known as ———— brain.
“smooth”
Lecture 3.19.2024 - EF_Developmental Disorders
T/F
Lissencephaly cannot be an isolated condition; it must occur alongside another syndrome.
False
Lissencephaly can be either an isolated condition or part of another syndrome.
Lecture 3.19.2024 - EF_Developmental Disorders
Symptoms of Lissencephaly include:
There are 7
- seizures
- motor issues
- developmental delays
- issues with feeding/swallowing
- failure to thrive (low weight, not growing)
- congenital limb differences
- intellectual disability and learning differences
Lecture 3.19.2024 - EF_Developmental Disorders
Describe the motor issues that someone with lissencephaly might have.
Four
- muscle spasms
- poor hand-eye coordination
- poor muscle tone/strength
- movement/dexterity
Lecture 3.19.2024 - EF_Developmental Disorders
the characteristic feature of this disorder is an overabundance of folds/gyri
polymicrogyria
3.21.2024-Neuropsychiatric-Disorders
Both ——– and ———— factors can contribute to polymicrogyria.
genetic; environmental
3.21.2024-Neuropsychiatric-Disorders
Name three causes of polymicrogyria.
- Cytomegalovirus (CMV)
- Zika Virus
- Loss of oxygen in utero
3.21.2024-Neuropsychiatric-Disorders
The severity of polymicrogyria symptoms can be affected by ———–.
The area of the brain that is affected
3.21.2024-Neuropsychiatric-Disorders
What part of the brain is most commonly affected by polymicrogyria?
around the posterior sylvian fissure
3.21.2024-Neuropsychiatric-Disorders
True/False
Polymicrogyria can occur in different areas of the brain. It can be focal, multifocal, diffused, unilateral, bilateral, or assymetrical.
True
3.21.2024-Neuropsychiatric-Disorders
List 5 common symptoms of polymicrogyria.
- recurrent seizures
- developmental delays
- speech and swallowing problems
- muscle weakness
- intellectual and learning disabilities
3.21.2024-Neuropsychiatric-Disorders
Turner’s Syndrome is a ————–/————- disorder.
genetic/chromosomal
The microdeletion of chromosome 7q11.23 causes which disorder?
William’s syndrome
A person with ———— syndrome might be shorter and go through puberty late.
Turner’s
(they also may not develop secondary sex characteristics)
Mr. Bud is a fantastic singer/songwriter but a horrible artist. He loves being around people, but sometimes he comes on a bit strong. He also has trouble differentiateing between his fans and friends. It’s possible he has ————-.
William’s syndrome
A person with ———- syndrome is missing an X chromosome and is assigned —— at birth.
Turner’s; female
Decsribe 3 neurocognitive features of Turner’s syndrome.
- stronger verbal skills than visual spatial skills
- more likely to have difficulty with sustained attention
- some executive function difficulties
What physical features are characteristic in William’s syndrome?
- shorter nose
- wide mouth
- small chin
- joint issues
What structures of the brain are affected in Turner’s syndrome?
Reduced volume and atypical activation of:
- right parietal
- right parieto-occipital areas
What structures of the brain are affected in William’s syndrome?
- reduced overall brain volume
- greater volume loss in posterior vs. anterior
In William’s Syndrome, gray matter is preserved, along with these two areas of the brain:
temporal-limbic; cerebellum
