UNIT 2 PSYC 492 - 2.20.24 Sensory & Motor Flashcards
Somatosensory system
Process EXTERNAL simulation of touch and also monitorin gof the INTERNAL sensations (muscle and muscle system)
2.20.24 Slides - Sensory and Motor Systems
Mechanical
2.20.24 Slides - Sensory and Motor Systems
Thermoreceptors
2.20.24 Slides - Sensory and Motor Systems
Nocioreceptors
2.20.24 Slides - Sensory and Motor Systems
Proprioceptors
2.20.24 Slides - Sensory and Motor Systems
Astereognosia
cannot recognize things by touch in absence of input from visual system
2.20.24 Slides - Sensory and Motor Systems
Stereognosia
(‘stereo’= solid) (‘gnosis’=know)
the ability to know (‘gnosis’- knowledge) the three-dimensional form of an object with tactile manipulation. The shape, texture, size, and weight of the object are assessed.
2.20.24 Slides - Sensory and Motor Systems
Describe this type of asterognosia.
Morphognosia
Primary Recognition Deficit
impairment in recognition of physical features of the object
2.20.24 Slides - Sensory and Motor Systems
Describe this type of asterognosia.
Secondary Recognition Deficit
spared primary recognition – can feel object and sense dimensions but cannot make connection with stored information to identify object
2.20.24 Slides - Sensory and Motor Systems
Tactile extinction
inability to perceive the same type of stimuli simultaneously
2.20.24 Slides - Sensory and Motor Systems
Propioception
body’s ability to sense location, movement, and action
2.20.24 Slides - Sensory and Motor Systems
Disorders of proprioception
difficulty recognizing relative position of own body in space
2.20.24 Slides - Sensory and Motor Systems
Hypogeusia
Problems with diminished taste
2.20.24 Slides - Sensory and Motor Systems
Aguesia
Problems of central perception, therefore you are not able to make sense of what you are tasting
2.20.24 Slides - Sensory and Motor Systems
Theory of Localization of Taste (look in book)
Individual neurons respond to and signal only one specific taste quality
Theory of Multipotentiality of Taste (look in book)
neurons contribute to neural representation of more than one taste
(neurons typically respond to more kind of stimulus, so it would make sense for taste receptors to respond to more than one kind of taste; various tastes are represented by neurons generating unique patterns of activity)
What is unique about olfactory neurons?
They are the only system in which neurons are directly exposed to stimuli in the environment
What is the pathway for smell?
How smell travels through brain.
- Olfactory Neurons
- Olfactory Bulb
- Cranial Nerve
- Limbic System (Amygdala & Hippocampal formation)
- Thalamus, Frontal Cortex
LOOK IN BOOK FOR MORE
Why do we link smells and memories/emotions?
Because our olfactory system passes smell sensation through the limbic system, including the amygdala and hippocampus, which are, together, responsible for emotions and memory formation.
What is the pathway for taste?
- taste receptors –>
- **Cranial Nerves VII, IX, X **(Facial, Glosspharyngeal, Vagal) and facial nerves –>
- medulla –>
- thalamus –>
- primary gustatory cortex (anterior insula and frontal operculum)
The taste pathway also has projections to the amygdala, hypothalamus, and orbitofrontal cortex; this may be why a familiar taste may be linked to some memory or feeling.
What are three qualities of olfactory neurons?
- they can regenerate
- they are directly exposed to the environment
- because they pass through the limbic system (hippocampus & amygdala)before the thalamus, they are often linked to memories or emotions
What is hyposmia?
diminished sense of smell (and also a little bit of taste because they have shared nerve pathways)
What is anosmia?
a complete loss of smell
Where do the primary somatosensory pathways begin and end?
The two somatosensory pathways go through the spinal cord and to the thalamus
Which pathway do pain and temperature run through?
Sensations of pain and temperature start in the ascending spinal-thalamic tract (which runs parallel to the spinal cord) to the thalamus.
Which pathway do touch and vibration run through?
Touch and vibration sensations start in the dorsal column medial lemniscal pathway (dorsal aspects of spinal cord) through the medial lemniscus through medulla, pons, and midbrain, and ending in the thalamus.
Try to understand somatosensory map / look at book
Memorize images comparing ascending spinal thalamic tract (pain/temp) to dorsal column/medial lemniscus (touch and vibration) ON PAGE 6 of 2.20.24 lecture
What are astereognosia’s two types of recognition deficits?
- Morphognosia (aka the primary recognition deficit) - impairment in recognition of physical features of an object
- Secondary Recognition Deficit - primary recognition is spared, meaning the person can still feel the object and sense the dimensions but cannot make connection with stored information to identify object
List somatosensory problems of sensing stimuli external to yourself.
- astereognosia (recognition deficit disorders include morphognosia and second recognition deficit)
- tactile extinction
tactile extinction
inability to perceive the same type of stimulation simultaneously; suppression of touch sensation on one side when both sides are touched
propioception
body’s ability to sense location, movement, and action
What are disorders of propioception?
difficulty recognizing relative position of own body space
True or False
There are two different pathways for tactile information to get to the cortex.
True
Dr. C sees a client in her clinic who says that whenever they go to a movie theater and the lights go out, they can never figure out what snacks their partner hands them over to share. Dr. C’s client most likely has:
- a disorder of propioception
- astereognosia
- tactile extinction
Astereognosia
True or False:
The neural pathways of taste and smell both involves structures of the limbic system (amygdala, hippocampus, etc.)
True
The motor system is how —— interact/s with the —–.
you; world
List the structures of the motor system
- Primary Motor Cortex
- Secondary Motor Cortex: Supplementary Motor Area (SMA)
- Secondary Motor Cortex: Premotor Motor Area (PMA)
- Secondary Motor Cortex: Cingulate Motor Cortex
- Posterior areas of parietal lobe
- Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex
Parietal and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex are also involved, as they coordinate spatial mapping and executive programming.
List the inputs and outputs of the motor structure.
Primay Motor Cortex
Inputs:
- secondary motor areas
- somatosensory cortex
Outputs:
- internal capsule
- descending tracts of the spinal cord
List the inputs and outputs of the motor structure.
Secondary Motor Cortex: Supplementary Motor Area (SMA)
Inputs:
* parietal lobes
* somatosensory strip
* secondary somatosensory areas
* basal ganglia
* cerebellum
Outputs:
- primary motor cortex
- basal ganglia
- cerebellum
List the motor system purpose/function(s) of the structure.
Primary Motor Cortex
manage details required to perform movement
List the motor system purpose/function(s) of the structure.
Secondary Motor Cortex: Supplementary Motor Area (SMA)
organizes and sequences timing of movement, internal intention to move (fMRI study)
LEARN MORE ABOUT MRI STUDY
List the motor system purpose/function(s) of the structure.
Secondary Motor Cortex: Premotor Area (PMA)
- Motor planning and movement readiness
- externally cued readiness for action
List the motor system purpose/function(s) of the structure.
Secondary Motor Cortex: Cingulate Motor Cortex/Area (CMA)
emotional and motivation impetus for movement
List the motor system purpose/function(s) of the structure.
posterior areas of Parietal (specifically, Brodmann’s areas 5 and 7)
coordinating spatial mapping with motor programming
List the motor system purpose/function(s) of the structure.
Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex
executive function
(from book: initiation for motor behavior and executive programming for movement; deploys movement)
Aside from the main motor system, where else in the brain has roles related to movement? (Other motor systems)
- Cerebellum: coordination of movement, timing, posture, balance, muscle tone, sequential aspects of motor learning
- Subcortical Processing (specifically basal ganglia): automatic regulation of movement/initiation, fluidity of overlearned and semi-automatic programs
We can separate dysfunction of the motor system into disorders of —— to act and disorders of ——- to act.
when; how
disorders of when to act = akinesia; disorders of how to act = apraxia
difficulty initiating and maintaining movement, slow to start and perform behaviors
Akinesia
problems with “stopping,” and continuing the same behavior (despite intending to stop) look at this again
Motor Perseveration
Akinesia is a disorder of ——- to act
when
Apraxia is a disorder of ——- to act
how
2.20.24 Slides - Sensory and Motor Systems
inability to perfom voluntary movements despite adeuqate degree of motor strength and control
Apraxia
2.20.24 Slides - Sensory and Motor Systems
List substypes of apraxia
- buccofacial
- constructional
- verbal
- oculomotor
- limb kinetic
- ideomotor
- conceptual
- dissociation (ideational)
2.20.24 Slides - Sensory and Motor Systems
List the subtype of apraxia:
inability to carry out facial movements on command (licking lips, whistling, coughing)
Buccofacial Apraxia
2.20.24 Slides - Sensory and Motor Systems
List the subtype of apraxia:
Inability to copy, draw, construct simple figures
Constructional Apraxia
2.20.24 Slides - Sensory and Motor Systems
List the subtype of apraxia:
Difficulty coordinating mouth and speech movements
Verbal Apraxia
2.20.24 Slides - Sensory and Motor Systems
List the subtype of apraxia:
Difficulty moving eyes on command
Oculomotor Apraxia
2.20.24 Slides - Sensory and Motor Systems
List the subtype of apraxia:
Inability to make precise, independent but coordinated finger and hand movements
Limb Kinetic Apraxia
2.20.24 Slides - Sensory and Motor Systems
List the subtype of apraxia:
Difficulty in executing idea of movement, but the knowledge is preserved
Ideomotor Apraxia
2.20.24 Slides - Sensory and Motor Systems
List the subtype of apraxia:
Inability to act out the motion due to loss of knowledge
Conceptual
2.20.24 Slides - Sensory and Motor Systems
List the subtype of apraxia:
Inability to coordinate activities with multiple, sequential movements (actions are correct but out of sequence)
Dissociation (ideational)
2.20.24 Slides - Sensory and Motor Systems
