PSYC 492 UNIT 2 - 2.29.24 Language & Memory Flashcards
Explain the pathway for auditory processing.
- Receptors in cochlea
- Auditory nerve (Cranial Nerve VIII Vestibulocochlear)
- Cochlear Nucleus (Medualla)
- Superior olivary nucleus
- Inferior colliculus
- Medial geniculate nucleus (thalamus)
- Primary auditory cortex
List key left hemispheric cortical structures in auditory processing.
- Broca’s Area
- Wernicke’s Area
- Arcuate Fasciculus
What is Broca’s Area responsible for?
- Expressive speech
- Mediates fluency of speech
- Also plays a role in grammatical and syntactical arrangement of words
What is Wernicke’s Area responsible for?
- Connects sounds to word meanings
- comprehension
What is the arcuate fasciculus?
the white matter tract connecting Broca’s and Wernicke’s areas
Define:
Aphasia
An aphasia is a disturbance of language use or comprehension not due to dysarthia (difficult/unclear articulation of speech that is otherwise linguistically normal) or apraxia (general ability to perform purposeful actions – in this case, an inability to speak; form words).
What observations are made when diagnosing aphasias?
Spontaneous speech: is speech fluent or non-fluent?
Paraphasic Errors: incorrectly replacing either phonemes (phonemic paraphasia) or words/meanings (semantic paraphasia)
Neologisms: made-up words
How do you test for aphasia?
- Repitition
- Auditory Comprehension
- Naming
- Reading
- Writing
Describe fluency, naming, repitition, comprehension, reading/writing:
Broca’s aphasia
Fluency: non-fluent, hesitant, telegraphic
Naming: impaired
Repetition: impaired
Comprehension: preserved
Reading/Writing: Agrammatical, spelling errors
Describe fluency, naming, repitition, comprehension, reading/writing:
Transcortical Motor Aphasia
Fluency: non-fluent, halting, initiation
Naming: impaired
Repetition: preserved
Comprehension: preserved
Reading/Writing: inaccuracies
near Broca’s
Describe fluency, naming, repitition, comprehension, reading/writing:
Conduction Aphasia
Fluency: Fluent but with some phonemic errors
Naming: Preserved
Repetition: Impaired
Comprehension: Preserved
Reading/Writing: Impaired
arcuate fasciculus
Describe fluency, naming, repitition, comprehension, reading/writing:
Anomic Aphasia
Fluency: Fluent w/ word finding issues; circumlocution
Naming: Impaired
Repetition: Preserved
Comprehension: Preserved
Reading/Writing: Preserved
Describe fluency, naming, repitition, comprehension, reading/writing:
Wernicke’s Aphasia
Fluency: Fluent, but empty content
Naming: Impaired
Repetition: Impaired
Comprehension: Impaired
Reading/Writing: Inaccuracies
Describe fluency, naming, repitition, comprehension, reading/writing:
Transcortical sensory
Fluency: Fluent, echolalia
Naming: Impaired
Repetition: Preserved
Comprehension: Impaired
Reading/Writing: Preserved
angular gyrus
Describe fluency, naming, repitition, comprehension, reading/writing:
Global
Fluency: Non-fluent
Naming: Impaired
Repetition: Impaired
Comprehension: Impaired
Reading/Writing: Impaired
Review and understand map of fluent and non-fluent aphasias. (slide 7)
Describe:
Sensory Memory
fleeting, related to sensory processing (look for more info)
Describe:
Short-term memory
limited capacity (7+/-2 bits); degrades if not rehearsed (look for more info)
Describe:
Long-term memory
ability to learn and retain new information
What are the two main types of long-term memory?
- procedural/implicit: involved in performance of different actions/skills (muscle memory)
- declarative/explicit: conscious recollection of particular facts and events
What are the two types of long-term declarative/explicit memory?
- semantic (things you’ve learned/memorized)
- episodic (personal knowledge/memories)
What is working memory?
ability to hold and manipulate information “online” for greater and more complex cognitive utility
Where does working memory occur?
Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
Explain/understand conceptual map/diagram of working memory (slide 11)
What are the 3 main components/elements of long-term memory?
Encoding: being attentive to/taking in information
Consolidation/storage: LOOK
Retrieval: LOOK
What model found the distinction between brain structures involved in encoding versus retrieval?
Hemispheric-Encoding-Retrieval-Asymmetry (HERA) Model
According to the HERA model, where does Episodic Encoding occur? Where does Retrieval occur?
(according to the HERA Model)
Episodic Encoding occurs in the left, dorsolateral frontal cortex
Retrieval occurs in the right, prefrontal cortex
Though there is some support for the HERA models, what are some considerations?
- fMRI vs. other modalities
- Verbal vs. non-verbal
- what about individuals with unilateral lesions or split brain?
Where does memory consolidation and storage occur?
Medial temporal lobe, in particular the hippocampus (binds experiences and strengthens connections/activity patterns)
How does memory consolidation and storage occur?
In the medial temporal lobe, particularly the hippocampus, “binds” experiences and strengthens connections/activity patterns.
Eventually, connections become strong enough that the hippocampus is no longer needed.
- Semantic knowledge is more associated with temporal and frontal lobes (HERA model)
- spatial memory seems confined to the hippocampus
- implicit memory seems to be more associated with cerebellum, basal ganglia, and motor cortex
