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Clinical Neuropsychology > PSYC 492 UNIT 3 - Executive Functioning/Attention > Flashcards

PSYC 492 UNIT 3 - Executive Functioning/Attention Flashcards

1
Q

selecting which senses to focus on and which to inhibit

A

sensory selective attention

Attention & Executive Function - 3.7.2024

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2
Q

Name the three brain structures most closely associated with attention.

A

parietal lobes, frontal lobes, cingulate regions

Attention & Executive Function - 3.7.2024

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3
Q

Four primary elements of attention:

A
  • sensory slelective attention
  • executive attention
  • attentional focus
  • sustained attention

Attention & Executive Function - 3.7.2024

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4
Q

What are the four elements of sensory selective attention? Desribe which brain structures are responsible for each element and whether it is effortful/controlled or automatic.

A

The following aspects of sensory selective attention are automatic and controlled by the parietal and temporal lobes:
- filtering and integration
- orienting and shift of attention
- engagement and disengagement

The following aspect of sensory selective attention is controlled/effortful and controlledf by the frontal lobe, basal ganglia, and limbic nuclei:
- directed attention, active search and shift

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5
Q

What are the four elements of executive attention?

A
  • beyond just sensory attention; selective attention with a goal in mind and involves prioritization and regulating responses
  • Response intention: “choose”/decide on staying focused or getting distracted
  • Response selection: weigh and select optimal response
  • Control: initiate, factors control strength/continuation of response, active switching

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6
Q

What is response intention?

A

an aspect of executive attention that involves “choosing”/deciding on staying focused or getting distracted

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7
Q

What is response selection?

A

an aspect of executive attention that involves weighing and selecting the optimal response

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8
Q

What is control?

A

an aspect of executive attention that involves initiation of action, along with factors that control strength/continuation of response, and active switching

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9
Q

Describe attentional focus.

A

Attentional focus involves the strength of attentional engagement; cognitive/mental resources directed toward object

  • Depends on context (valence of stimulus)

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10
Q

What is attentional focus constrained by?

A

structural capacity (intrinsic) and energetic capacity (transient)

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11
Q

Describe sustained attention.

A

Sustained attention is the maintenance of engagement for long periods of time.

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12
Q

What are some types of sustained attention?

A
  • Vigilance (waiting for a rare event)
  • Persistent responding (detecting targets at a high rate)

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13
Q

What is neglect?

A

losing awareness of one side of spatial or personal space; attention is “pulled” to one side

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14
Q

Neglect is not caused by ——— or ———– problems.

A

sensation; motor

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15
Q

Which areas of the brain are typically associated with neglect?

A

In general, neglect is the result of parietal lobe dysfunction and is, specifically, associated iwth parieto-occipital or inferior parietal damage

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16
Q

True or False:

Facets of sensory attention can be automatic or controlled/effortful.

A

True

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17
Q

True or False:

Attentional focus, or the amount of mental resources we devote toward something may be influenced by both intrinsic and transient factors.

A

True

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18
Q

What are the primary structures associated with attention:
- parietal, frontal, cingulate regions
- temporal, frontal, occipital regions
- parietal, basal ganglia, cingulate regions
- basal ganglia, limbic, cerebellar regions

A

parietal, frontal, cingulate regions

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19
Q

True or False

Neglect is due to a deficit in the visual sensory system.

A

False

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20
Q

Define executive function.

A

Processes used to guide behavior toward a goal, especially in non-routine situations; plan, adapt, regulate

A catch-all term for lots of processes

Engages in supervising and directing various processes to help engage in goal-directed behavior.

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21
Q

Executive functioning abilities are ever—————-

A

shifting

Attention & Executive Function - 3.7.2024

22
Q

The dorsolateral circuit handles ———– cognitive function and the ———- organization of behavior.

A

“higher order”; temporal

Attention & Executive Function - 3.7.2024

23
Q

The ———————- neural circuit manages attentional control, working memory, preparatory motor set (movement preparation), and response monitoring (maintenance and modification of behaviors.)

A

dorsolateral circuit

Attention & Executive Function - 3.7.2024

24
Q

The orbitofrontal circuit is responsible for which behaviors:

A
  • inhibitory responses specific to regulation of emotional/social cues/behavior
  • ability to empathize
  • attach autonomic/somatic tags “gut feelings” that influence behavior

Attention & Executive Function - 3.7.2024

25
Q

What behaviors is the anterior cingulate circuit responsible for?

A
  • response monitoring
  • error detection
  • conflict resolution (not referring to interpersonal interaction; only referring to competing responses in the brain; e.g., “do I choose a. or c.?”
  • initiation and motivation

Attention & Executive Function - 3.7.2024

26
Q

What is Executive Function?

A

processes used to guide behavior toward a goal, especially in non-routine situations; plan, adapt, regulate

Attention & Executive Function - 3.7.2024

27
Q

What are three words that apply to executive function?

A

adapt, plan, regulate

Attention & Executive Function - 3.7.2024

28
Q

—————— is often used as a catch-all term for a lot of processes.

A

Executive Function

Think of a CEO who engages in supervising and directing processes to help engage in goal-drected behavior.

Attention & Executive Function - 3.7.2024

29
Q

Executive functioning disabilities are ever—————–.

A

shifting

Attention & Executive Function - 3.7.2024

30
Q

Some executive functions can come “online” as early as ———-, but there is ———— in what comes on when.

A

5 months; variance

Attention & Executive Function - 3.7.2024

31
Q

List the order in which executive functions seem to come online, as found by Anderson (2002).

A
  1. attentional control
  2. cognitive flexibility
  3. goal-setting
  4. information processing

Attention & Executive Function - 3.7.2024

32
Q

The ————– circuit is responsible for “higher order” functions.

A

Dorsolateral

Attention & Executive Function - 3.7.2024

33
Q

The dorsolateral circuit manages ———- organization of behavior.

A

temporal

Attention & Executive Function - 3.7.2024

34
Q

What is response monitoring, and which neural circuit is responsible for it?

A

Response monitoring is the maintenance and modification of behaviors. Example: working on a homework assignment, then thinking about whether you should continue working on this assignment or move on to a different one.

Dorsolateral circuit

Attention & Executive Function - 3.7.2024

35
Q

List and describe four functions managed by the dorsolateral circuit.

A

Attentional control: Choosing to direct your focus to a priority task

Working memory: doing “mental math;” holding onto and manipulating information in your head

Preparatory motor set: movement preparation; directing/planning your movement to achieve whatever task you are engaged in at the moment

Response monitoring: maintenance and modification of your behaviors; thinking about whether you should continue with a behavior, etc.

Attention & Executive Function - 3.7.2024

36
Q

What aspect of dorsolateral circuit functions would be associated with the following behaviors?

  • Thinking about whether you will get home before dark, whether should speed up.
  • Getting out of class and deciding to go on a run.
  • Remembering and navigating the new route that you are planning to take.
  • Tying your shoes, stretching, and starting on your run.
A
  1. Response monitoring
  2. Attentional control
  3. Working Memory
  4. Preparatory Motor Set

Attention & Executive Function - 3.7.2024

37
Q

What is a situation in which you would use your orbitofrontal circuit?

A

Having a “gut feeling” that you should check in with a struggling family member.

Attention & Executive Function - 3.7.2024

38
Q

What three things is your orbitofrontal circuit responsible for?

A
  • inhibitory responses specific to regulation of emotional/social cues/behavior
  • Ability to empathize
  • Attaching autonomic and somatic tags (gut feelings) that influence behavior

Attention & Executive Function - 3.7.2024

39
Q

Where is the Anterior Cingulate Circuit located?

A

on the top, front end of the corpus callosum

Attention & Executive Function - 3.7.2024

40
Q

What are three words you could use to describe the functions of the anterior cingulate circuit?

A

Monitoring, initiation, motivation

Attention & Executive Function - 3.7.2024

41
Q

What are four functions of the Anterior Cingulate Circuit?

A
  • response monitoring
  • Error detection
  • conflict resolution
  • initiation and motivation

Attention & Executive Function - 3.7.2024

42
Q

List an example for each of the four functions of the Anterior Cingulate Circuit.

A

Response monitoring: while washing dishes, considering whether there might be a more efficient way to do this chore

Error detection: noticing that you missed a spot on the last glass you washed and rewashing it to correct the mistake

Conflict resolution: deciding whether you should hand dry the dishes or let them air dry

Initiation and motivation: realizing that you want to clean your house before your friends visit this weekend, and as result, you start catching up on washing dishes

Attention & Executive Function - 3.7.2024

43
Q

Which area of the brain houses the three circuits responsible for many executive functioning behaviors?

A

Prefrontal cortex

44
Q

The dorsolateral circuit is responsible for the —————— of behavior, the orbitofrontal circuit is associated with the —————- ———— —————- of behavior, and the anterior cingulate circuit is responsible for the ————-, ————–, and ———– of behavior.

A
  • organization
  • social/emotional regulation
  • initiation, monitoring, motivation
45
Q

Functional Neuroanatomy of Attention: Follows Certain Pattern

What three models aim to explain the functional neuroanatomy of attention?

A
  • Mesulam’s
  • Posner’s
  • Mirksky’s
46
Q

List elements & neural mechs of functional neuranatomy attention model

Mesulam’s Model

A

sensory representation - parietal regions

motivational importance - cingulate cortex

motor response - frontal cortex

47
Q

List elements & neural mechs of functional neuranatomy attention model

Posner’s model

A

Orienting (disengage, move, re-engage) - Posterior attention system (posterior parietal; superior colliculus; thalamus)

Vigilance - Vigilance Attention System (right frontal and right parietal)

Executive - Anterior/Executive Attention System (anterior cingulate, lateral prefrontal cortex)

48
Q

List elements & neural mechs of functional neuranatomy attention model

Mirksky’s model

A

Encode (brief maintentance) - hippocampus, amygdala

Sustain (vigilance) - Midbrain, brain stem, basal ganglia

Shift (move/change focus) - prefrontal cortex, anterior cinculate, basal ganglia

Focus and execute (allocate attentional resource, selective attention)
- focus: interior parietal, superior temporal
- execute: parietal, corpus striatum

49
Q

Which parts of the brain are implicated in all three models for functional neuroanatomy of attention?

A
  • parietal
  • cingulate
  • frontal
  • prefrontal cortex
50
Q

lose awareness of one side of spatial or personal space; attention is “pulled” to one side
- not caused by sensation or motor problems
- unconscious awareness?

A

neglect

51
Q

Dysfunction in what area of the brain is associated with neglect

A

parietal lobe
- parieto-occipital
- inferior parietal

52
Q

when we talk about executive function, what do we mean by “plan, adapt, regulate”

A

planning our next actions; adapting to different circumstances/reasoning/problem solving
regulating our reactions, not being impulsive

Clinical Neuropsychology (14 decks)

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