UNIT 2. PRESCRIBING and DESCRIBING Flashcards
The deliberate change from one manner or style of speaking to another IS CALLED ?
Code Switching or Code Choice
-To mark switching from informal to formal situations
– between parents and children
– “ to announce specific identities, create certain meanings, and facilitate particular interpersonal relationships”, and
– “ to align speakers with others in specific situations (e.g., defining oneself as a member of an ethnic group)”(Johnson, 2000, p. 184).
Are the functions of?
Code Switching
_______________ are used in families and big communities. People need to negotiate to mean and make themselves clear, so the speakers have to be very
explicit. This explicitness is valued by speakers
Elaborated Codes
_________________-is used in communities that center on physical work. When people share a subculture, they need to share information and understanding. Fixed and inflexible syntactic patterns are used. Language is predictable since the limited vocabulary is used
Restricted Codes
___________________refers to a language variety used by a group of people in their public discourse. This term is also used for that variety of a language which is considered to be the norm (Jenkins, 2009).
Alternatively, varieties become standard by undergoing a process of standardization which is organized for description grammars and dictionaries and encoded in such reference works. Varieties that become standardized are the local dialects and are spoken in the centers of commerce and government where a need arises for a variety that will serve more than local needs
Standard Language
Sometimes ___________________language is associated with a language variety used by uneducated speakers or socially disfavored groups.
What makes ___________language different from the standard is the fact that it is not taught in schools, and it is not represented in written form unless it is a deliberate direct quotation of a nonstandard speaker.
Non Standard
The term ___________ was originally used by linguists to refer to language varieties that had previously been labeled with terms such as vulgar.
____________ English differs from Standard English most importantly at the level of grammar. (Trudgill,1992).
Non Standard
What does the following definition refer to?
a. the form or variety of a spoken language peculiar to a region, community, social group, occupational group, etc. It differs from the standard language in matters of pronunciation, syntax, etc.
b. the sum total of local characteristics of speech.
c. any form of speech considered as deviating from a real or imaginary standard speech
Dialect
This approach consists basically of stating what is considered right and wrong in language. For example, some established grammar rules can’t be broken, we can‘ t use the particle to after the modal verbs, it is considered incorrect. (it is not correct to say He can to play the guitar, or splitting infinitives is also wrong She to buy wants a book).
Prescriptive approach
This approach consists of describing the facts. It describes the rules of the language, and language is seen as essentially rule governed (made of rules)
Descriptive approach
These are characteristics of?
– deals with variety or manner of speaking of a language.
– refers to HOW language should be used.
– can apply to most aspects of language: spelling, grammar, semantics, and pronunciation.
– may imply a view that some forms are incorrect, improper, illogical, lack communicative effect, or are of low aesthetic value (non-standard).
Prescriptive approach
– to specify standard language forms either generally (what is Standard English?) – for specific purposes: explain what style and register is appropriate.
– to formulate styles and registers in such a way as to make them easily taught or learned.
These are the aims of..?
Linguistic prescription
- Establishes the rules how language should be used
- Includes grammar rules
- Applies for spoken, written language, pronunciation
We talk about..?
Prescription
• registers and describes language variations , dialects, and styles
We talk about..?
Description
What does the following definition refer to?
Branch of Linguistics which deals with the study of language use in society and in socio-cultural context. In addition, it is the study of the linguistic indicators of culture and power (Schmitt, 2011).
Sociolinguistics
What does the following definition refer to?
Language variations (dialects, accents) and language change; and explains WHY languages change.
Sociolinguistics
What does the following definition refer to?
Is the study of how language and social factors are related.
Sociolinguistics
What does the following definition refer to?
A set of linguistic items with similar distribution
Variety
Dialects can be described at different levels according to variations. These can be subdivided in:
P M S S G Phonological Morphological Syntactic Semantic Grammatical
What level of dialect does the following definition refer to?
(differences in pronunciation, ex: in Spanish llave( / llave / – llave / shave /
Phonological
What level of dialect does the following definition refer to?
Word structure
Morphological
What level of dialect does the following definition refer to?
It can be represented by different word order in sentences.
– Syntactic
What level of dialect does the following definition refer to?
Differences in meaning, ex football – soccer
Semantic
