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Biology 12 > Unit 2 Metabolic Processes > Flashcards

Unit 2 Metabolic Processes Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

the sum of all chemical reactions in a cell or organism

A

metabolism

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2
Q

the energy of motion

A

kinetic energy

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3
Q

the stored energy that an object possesses as a result of its position relative to other objects or to its internal structure

A

potential energy

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4
Q

principle that states that energy can be transferred or transformed, but it cannot be created or destroyed

A

first law of thermodynamics

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5
Q

the minimum amount of energy that is required to break a particular type of bond; measured in kJ/mol of bonds

A

bond energy

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6
Q

the minimum amount of energy that chemical reactants must absorb to start a reaction

A

activation energy

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7
Q

a temporary condition during a chemical reaction in which the bonds in the reactants are breaking and the bonds in the products are forming

A

transition state

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8
Q

a chemical reaction in which energy is absorbed, giving the products more chemical potential energy than the reactants

A

endothermic reaction

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9
Q

a chemical reaction in which energy is released, leaving the products with less chemical potential energy than the reactants

A

exothermic reaction

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10
Q

principle that states that every time energy is converted to another form, some of the energy becomes unusable

A

second law of thermodynamics

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11
Q

a measurement of disorder in a system

A

entropy

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12
Q

a change that will, once begun, continue on its own under a given set of conditions; does not require a continuous supply of energy

A

spontaneous change

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13
Q

energy that can do useful work; also called Gibbs free energy

A

free energy

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14
Q

a chemical reaction that releases free energy; the products have less free energy than the reactants

A

exergonic reaction

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15
Q

a chemical reaction that absorbs free energy; the products have more free energy than the reactants

A

endergonic reaction

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16
Q

the transfer of energy from one reaction to another in order to drive the second reaction

A

energy coupling

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17
Q

a pathway in which energy is released and complex molecules are broken down into simple molecules

A

catabolic pathway

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18
Q

a pathway in which energy is supplied to build complex molecules from simple molecules

A

anabolic pathway

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19
Q

the transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP, to another molecule

A

phosphorylation

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20
Q

the cyclic and ongoing breakdown and re-synthesis of ATP

A

ATP cycle

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21
Q

an enzyme that oxidizes a substrate and transfers hydrogen ions to an acceptor

A

dehydrogenase

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22
Q

the reduced form of the coenzyme nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

A

NADH

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23
Q

a process that uses oxygen to harvest energy from organic compounds

A

aerobic cellular respiration

24
Q

an organism that cannot live without oxygen

A

obligate aerobe

25
Q

the formation of ATP by the direct transfer of a phosphate group from a substrate to ADP

A

substrate level phosphorylation

26
Q

a process that forms ATP using energy transferred indirectly from a series of redox reactions

A

oxidative phosphorylation

27
Q

a series of reactions in which a glucose molecule is broken into two pyruvate molecules and energy is released

A

glycolysis

28
Q

a reaction in which pyruvate is oxidized by NAD+ and CO2 is removed, forming an acetyl group and releasing NADH

A

pyruvate oxidation

29
Q

a process that uses an organic compound as the final oxidizing agent to produce energy

A

fermentation

30
Q

a process that uses a final inorganic oxidizing agent other than oxygen to produce energy

A

anaerobic respiration

31
Q

an organism that cannot survive in the presence of oxygen

A

obligate anaerobe

32
Q

an organism that can live with or without oxygen

A

facultative anaerobe

33
Q

a cyclic series of reactions that transfers energy from organic molecules to ATP, NADH, and FADH2 and release carbon atoms as CO2.

A

citric acid cycle

34
Q

the removal of a hydrogen atom from a molecule

A

dehydrogenation

35
Q

a chemical reaction that removes a carboxyl group to form CO2

A

decarboxylation reaction

36
Q

a difference in proton (H+ ion) concentration across a membrane

A

proton gradient

37
Q

a force that moves protons because of a chemical gradient (often referred to as an electrochemical gradient) of protons across a membrane

A

proton-motive force

38
Q

a process in which ATP is synthesized using the energy of an electrochemical gradient and the ATP synthase enzyme

A

chemiosmosis

39
Q

the amount of energy that is expended per unit time in an organism

A

metabolic rate

40
Q

the metabolic rate of an organism at rest

A

basal metabolic rate

41
Q

a process in which fatty acids are broken down into acetyl-CoA through catabolism

A

beta-oxidation

42
Q

a process in which pyruvate is decarboxylation, producing a molecule each of CO2, and of ethanol, and NAD+

A

alcohol fermentation

43
Q

a process in which pyruvate reacts with NADH and is converted directly into lactate and regenerates NAD+

A

lactate fermentation

44
Q

the first stage of photosynthesis, during which water molecules are split as light energy is absorbed and transformed into chemical energy in ATP and NADPH

A

light dependent reactions

45
Q

the second stage of the photosynthesis process that uses ATP and NADPH to convert CO2 to sugars

A

Calvin cycle

46
Q

a molecule capable of accepting electrons and becoming reduced during photosynthesis

A

primary electron acceptor

47
Q

a cluster of light-absorbing pigments embedded in the thylakoid membrane able to capture and transfer energy to special chlorophyll a molecules in the reaction centre

A

antenna complex

48
Q

a complex of proteins and pigments that contains the primary electron acceptor

A

reaction centre

49
Q

a plot of the amount of light energy of various wavelengths that a substance absorbs

A

absorption spectrum

50
Q

a plot of the effectiveness of light energy of different wavelengths in driving a chemical process

A

action spectrum

51
Q

a collection of pigment proteins that includes chlorophyll a and absorbs light at the 700 nm wavelength

A

photosystem 1

52
Q

a collection of pigment proteins that includes chlorophyll a and absorbs light at the 680 nm wavelength

A

photosystem 11

53
Q

ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase oxygenase; a critical enzyme that acts as a catalyst for the reduction of carbon dioxide in the Calvin cycle of photosynthesis

A

ribisco

54
Q

the catalysis of O2 instead of CO2 by rubisco into RuBP, which slows the Calvin cycle, consumes ATP, and results in a release of carbon

A

photorespiration

55
Q

small pores in the surface of a leaf that can be opened and closed to control the exchange of gases between the atmosphere and the leaf interior

A

stomata

56
Q

an alternative form of carbon fixation that some plants use, particularly in hot weather, to increase the concentration of CO2 available for the Calvin cycle reactions

A

C4 cycle

57
Q

a metabolic pathway, used mostly by succulent plants, in which the Calvin cycle and the C4 cycle are separated in time for better efficiency of CO2 fixation

A

crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM)

Biology 12 (7 decks)

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