Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology 12 > Chapter 11 > Flashcards

Chapter 11 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

a nerve cell that is capable of conducting nerve impulses

A

neuron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

the reception, transmission, and integration of nerve impulses by neurons, and the response to these impulses

A

neural signalling

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

a neuron that carries impulses from sensory receptors to the central nervous system; also called a sensory neuron

A

afferent neuron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

a local circuit neuron of the central nervous system that relays impulses between afferent (sensory) and efferent (motor) neurons

A

interneuron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

a neuron that carries impulses from the central nervous system to skeletal muscles; also known as a motor neuron

A

efferent neuron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

a projection of cytosol that carries signals toward the nerve cell body

A

dendrite

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

an extension of cytosol that carries nerve signals away from the nerve cell body

A

axon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

a non-conducting cell that is important for the structural support and metabolism of nerve cells

A

glial cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

an insulated covering over the axon of a nerve cell

A

myelin sheath

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

a regularly occurring gap between sections of myelin sheath along the axon

A

node of Ranvier

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

the body’s coordinating centre for mechanical and chemical actions; made up of the brain and spinal cord

A

central nervous system (CNS)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

all parts of the nervous system, excluding the brain and spinal cord; relays information between the central nervous system and other parts of the body

A

peripheral nervous system (PNS)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

the component of the peripheral nervous system that receives input through receptors and transmits the input to the central nervous system

A

afferent system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

the component of the peripheral nervous system that carries signals away to the effectors (muscles and glands)

A

efferent system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

a subdivision of the efferent system (within the PNS); composed of efferent (motor) neurons that carry signals to skeletal muscles in response to external stimuli

A

somatic system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

a subdivision of the efferent system (within the PNS); regulates the internal environment

A

autonomic system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

one of two subdivisions of the autonomic nervous system; increases energy consumption and prepares the body for action

A

sympathetic division

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

one of two subdivisions of the autonomic nervous system; stimulates body activities that acquire and conserve energy

A

parasympathetic division

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

the coordination of the receptor, afferent neuron, interneuron, efferent neuron, and effector in response to a stimulus

A

neural circuit

20
Q

a neural circuit that travels through the spinal cord but does not require the coordination of the brain; allows for reflex actions

A

reflex arc

21
Q

a functional connection between neurons or between neurons and effectors

A

synapse

22
Q

a synapse in which a neurotransmitter moves from a presynaptic cell to a postsynaptic cell through the synaptic cleft

A

chemical synapse

23
Q

a chemical that is released from vesicles into synapses to facilitate nerve signal transmission

A

neurotransmitter

24
Q

the tiny gap between presynaptic and postsynaptic cells in a chemical synapse, across which the neurotransmitter diffuses

A

synaptic cleft

25
Q

a synapse in which the presynaptic cell makes direct contact with the postsynaptic cell, allowing current to flow via gap junctions between the cells

A

electrical synapse

26
Q

the electrical potential of a membrane, which is caused by an imbalance of charges on either side of the membrane

A

membrane potential

27
Q

a protein embedded in the plasma membrane that allows ions to pass through it

A

ion channel

28
Q

the voltage difference across a nerve cell membrane of an unstimulated neuron; usually negative

A

resting potential

29
Q

the voltage difference across a nerve cell membrane when the nerve is excited

A

action potential

30
Q

the potential at which an action potential is generated by a neuron

A

threshold potential

31
Q

the period of time during which the threshold required for the generation of an action potential is much higher than normal

A

refractory period

32
Q

three layers of connective tissue that surround and protect the brain and spinal cord

A

meninges

33
Q

circulating fluid that surrounds the membranes of the brain and spinal cord; provides neural connection to the endocrine system

A

cerebrospinal fluid

34
Q

the tissue of the brain and spinal cord, where the cell bodies and dendrites of neurons are located

A

grey matter

35
Q

the tissue of the brain and spinal cord, composed primarily of axons of neurons; in the spinal cord, it surrounds the grey matter

A

white matter

36
Q

the hindbrain region that connects the spinal cord to the cerebellum; important in autonomic nerve control

A

medulla oblongata

37
Q

the hindbrain region that is involved in muscle movement and balance

A

cerebellum

38
Q

the brain region that transfers nerve signals between the cerebellum and the medulla

A

pons

39
Q

the brain region that is involved in motor activities and sensory information; the largest and most developed region of the brain

A

cerebrum

40
Q

the outermost layer of the cerebral hemispheres

A

cerebral cortex

41
Q

the brain region that interprets sensory input and signals the cerebrum

A

thalamus

42
Q

a barrier formed by tight junctions between endothelial cells in the capillaries in the brain that blocks the movement of most substances into the brain via the bloodstream

A

blood-brain barrier

43
Q

the 31 pairs of nerves within the somatic system that transmit motor, sensory, and autonomic signals between the spinal cord and the rest of the body

A

spinal nerves

44
Q

the 12 pairs of nerves within the parasympathetic division of the autonomic system, which emerge directly from the brain and serve the head, neck, and body trunk

A

cranial nerves

45
Q

a band of grey matter in the spinal cord that, when stimulated, produces a neurotransmitter that communicates with an injured region of the body; a simultaneous signal to the brain results in the perception of pain

A

substantia gelatinosa (SG)

46
Q

the tendency for some sensory receptors to become less sensitive when stimulated repeatedly

A

sensory adaptation

47
Q

a negative feedback mechanism that attempts to maintain blood pressure

A

renin-angiotensin-aldosterone pathway

Biology 12 (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions